[41] Revelation xxi. 13, 16.  Some of the details are, no doubt,
    drawn from the later chapters of Ezekiel, but the difference
    between the two writers is plain.

The instances and items cited in the preceding paragraphs lie within the limits of the Greek world and of the Roman Empire.  We might perhaps wish to pursue our speculations and ask whether this vigorous system influenced foreign lands, and whether the Macedonian army carried the town-plan of their age, in more or less perfect form, as far as their conquests reached.  Alexander settled many soldiers in lands which were to form his eastern and north-eastern frontiers, as if against the central-asiatic nomads.  Merv and Herat, Khokand and Kandahar,[42] have been thought—­and, it seems, thought with some reason—­to date from the Macedonian age and in their first period to have borne the name Alexandria.  But no Aurel Stein has as yet uncovered their ruins, and speculation about them is mere speculation.

    [42] See p. 145 below.

CHAPTER V

ITALIAN TOWN-PLANNING.  THE ORIGINS

If Greek and Macedonian town-planning are fairly well known, the Roman Empire offers a yet larger mass of certain facts, both in Italy and in the provinces.  The beginnings, naturally, are veiled in obscurity.  We can trace the system in full work at the outset of the Empire; we cannot trace the steps by which it grew.  Evidences of something that resembles town-planning on a rectangular scheme can be noted in two or three corners of early Italian history—­first in the prehistoric Bronze Age, then in a very much later Etruscan town, and thirdly on one or two sites of middle Italy connected with the third or fourth century B.C.  These evidences are scanty and in part uncertain, and their bearing on our problem is not always clear, but they claim a place in an account of Italian town-planning.  To them must be added, fourthly, the important evidence which points to the use of a system closely akin to town-planning in early Rome itself.

The Terremare (fig. 11).

(i) We begin in the Bronze Age, somewhere between 1400 and 800 B.C., amidst the so-called Terremare.  More than a hundred of these strange settlements have been examined by Pigorini, Chierici, and other competent Italians.  Most of them occur in a well-defined district between the Po and the Apennines, with Piacenza at its west end and Bologna at its east end.  Some have also been noted on the north bank of the Po near Mantua, both east and west of the Mincio, and two or three elsewhere in Italy.  Archaeologically, they all belong to the Bronze Age; they seem, further, to be the work of a race distinct from any previous dwellers in North Italy, which had probably just moved south from the Danubian plains.  At some time or other this race had dwelt in lake-villages.  They were now settled on dry ground and far away from lakes—­one of their hamlets is high in the Apennines, nearly 1,900 ft. above the sea.  But they still kept in the Terremare the lacustrine fashion of their former homes.