the large plan by W.H. 
        St. John Hope (1:1800), Archaeologia lxi, plate 85
32.  SILCHESTER, DETAILS OF FOUR INSULAE, THE FORUM AND CHRISTIAN
        CHURCH.  From Archaeologia
33.  CAERWENT, GENERAL PLAN.  Reduced from plan by F. King (1:900),
        Archaeologia lxii, plate 64
34.  BOSTRA.  From a plan in Baedeker’s Guide to Palestine 35.  SAUVETERRE-DE-GUYENNE, A BASTIDE OF A.D. 1281.  From plan by Dr.
        A.E.  Brinckmann
36.  RUINS OF KHARA-KHOTO, A CHINESE TOWN OF ABOUT A.D. 1100.
        Geographical Journal, Sept. 1910

For the loan of blocks I am indebted to the Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres (fig. 21), to the German Imperial Archaeological Institute (fig. 9), to the Royal Geographical Society (fig. 36), and to the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Editors of the Transactions of the Town-Planning Conference, 1911 (figs. 7, 8, 17, 30, 32, 35).  Fig. 11 is from Mr. T.E.  Peet’s Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy.  The other 26 blocks have been prepared for this volume.

TABLE OF MEASURES

The following figures may be found convenient by readers who wish to take special account of the dimensions cited in the following pages, and may also help them to correct any errors which I have unwittingly admitted.

1 Roman foot = 0.296 metres = 0.97 English feet.  For practical purposes 100 Roman feet = 97 English feet.

1 Iugerum = 120 x 240 Roman feet = 116.4 x 233.8 English feet.  For practical purposes a Iugerum may be taken to be rather over 2/3 of an acre and rather over 1/4 of a hectare, and more exactly 2523.3 sq. metres.

1 Metre = 1.09 English yards, a trifle less than 40 ins. 402.5 metres equal a quarter of a mile.

1 Hectare (10000 sq. metres) = 2.47 acres (11955 sq. yds.).

1 Acre = nearly 69-1/2 x 69-1/2 yds. (208.7 ft. square) = 4840 sq. yds.

CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY REMARKS

Town-planning—­the art of laying out towns with due care for the health and comfort of inhabitants, for industrial and commercial efficiency, and for reasonable beauty of buildings—­is an art of intermittent activity.  It belongs to special ages and circumstances.  For its full unfolding two conditions are needed.  The age must be one in which, whether through growth, or through movements of population, towns are being freely founded or freely enlarged, and almost as a matter of course attention is drawn to methods of arranging and laying out such towns.  And secondly, the builders of these towns must have wit enough to care for the well-being of common men and the due arrangement of ordinary dwellings.  That has not always happened.  In many lands and centuries—­in ages where civilization has been tinged by an under-current of barbarism—­one