[20] Smith and Porcher, Discoveries at Cyrene (1864), plate 40; hence Studnickza, Kyrene (1890, p. 167, fig. 35), and Malten, Kyrene (Berlin, 1911).  For Pindar’s reference see Pyth. v. 90 and p. 16 above.

In these two cases and in one or two others which might be noted from the same or later times, the town-scheme includes rectangular elements without any strict resemblance to the chess-board pattern.  The dominant feature is the long straight street, of great width and splendour, which served less as the main artery of a town than as a frontage for great buildings and a route for solemn processions.  Here, almost as in Babylon, we have the spectacular element which architects love, but which is, in itself, insufficient for the proper disposition of a town.  Long and ample streets, such as those in question, might easily be combined, as indeed they are combined in some modern towns of southern Europe and Asia, with squalid and ill-grouped dwelling-houses.  Hippodamus himself aimed at something much better, as Aristotle tells us.  But it was not till after 350 B.C. or some approximate date, that dwelling-houses were actually arranged and grouped on a definite system.[21]

[21] Soluntum, near Palermo, on the north coast of Sicily, was found by Cavallari in 1875 to exhibit a rectangular street-plan; one main street ran north and south along level ground and several lesser streets lay at right angles to it mounting a hillside by means of steps (as at Priene, p. 42).  See the Bullettino delta Commissione di Antichita e Belle Arti in Sicilia, viii.  Palermo, August 1875.  Cavallari himself assigned this plan to the date when Soluntum was founded—­which is unfortunately uncertain—­but only on the general ground that ’in una citta, una volta tracciate le strade e disposte le arterie dicommunicazione, non e facile cambiarne la disposizione generale’.  I attach less weight than he does to this reason.  Soluntum was in the main and by origin a Phoenician town, with a Greek colouring; in 307 B.C. it was refounded for the discharged soldiers of Agathocles; later still, in Roman times, it had the rank of ‘municipium’; most of its ruins are generally considered to be of Roman date and small objects found in it are also mostly Roman, and its street-plan may also be Roman.  As the ‘Bullettino’ is somewhat rare, I add a reduced plan (fig. 5).

[Illustration:  FIG. 5.  SOLUNTUM]

It was probably, however, in the first half of the fourth century that the Greek cities began to pass by-laws relating to the police, the scavenging and the general public order of their markets and streets, and to establish Agoranomi to control the markets and Astynomi to control the streets.  These officials first appear in inscriptions after 350, but are mentioned in literature somewhat earlier.  An account of the Athenian constitution, ascribed formerly to Xenophon and written (as is now generally agreed) about 430-424