It is peculiarly satisfactory to me, and I hope also to my readers, to have the observations of so able a philosopher and so diligent a naturalist to offer in confirmation of a theory which had been formed from appearances of the same kind in a country so far distant from those of our author now described, as are the Alps of Savoy from those of Scotland.  It gives me a singular pleasure, in thus collecting facts for the support of my opinion, to contribute all I can to recommend the study of a work in natural history the most exemplary of its kind; and a work which will remain the unalterable conveyance of precious information when theories making a temporary figure may be changed.

To a person who understands the present theory, there can be no occasion here to give the particular applications which will naturally occur in reading those various descriptions.  In these examples are contained every species of bending, twisting, and displacement of the strata, from the horizontal state in which they had been originally formed to the vertical, or even to their being doubled back; and although M. de Saussure had endeavoured to reason himself into a belief of those inverted strata having been formed in their present place, it is evident that he had only founded this opinion upon a principle which, however just, may here perhaps be found misplaced; it is that of not endeavouring to explain appearances from any supposition of which we have not full conviction.  I flatter myself, that when he shall have considered the arguments which have here been employed for the manifold, the general operations of subterranean fire, as well as for the long continued operations of water on the surface of the erected land, he will not seek after any other explanation than that which had naturally occurred to himself upon the occasion, and which he most ingenuously declares to have great weight, although not sufficient to persuade him of its truth.

CHAP.  II.

The same Subject continued, with examples from different Countries.

Our theory, it must be remembered, has for principle, that all the alpine as well as horizontal strata had their origin at the bottom of the sea, from the deposits of sand, gravel, calcareous and other bodies, the materials of the land which was then going into ruin; it must also be observed, that all those strata of various materials, although originally uniform in their structure and appearance as a collection of stratified materials, have acquired appearances which often are difficult to reconcile with that of their original, and is only to be understood by an examination of a series in those objects, or that gradation which is sometimes to be perceived from the one extreme state to the other, that is from their natural to their most changed state.  M. de Saussure who will not be suspected of having any such theory in his view, will be found giving the most exemplary confirmation to that system of things.