[Footnote 147:  The orthography is Perperna, as is proved by inscriptions.  M. Perperna, the grandfather of this Perperna, was consul B.C. 130. (see Life of Tib.  Gracchus, c. 20, Notes.) The son of M. Perperna also was consul B.C. 92:  he did not die till B.C. 49, and consequently survived his son, this Perperna of Plutarch.  Perperna Vento had been praetor.  He associated himself with Lepidus after the death of Sulla, and was like M. Lepidus driven from Rome (Life of Sulla, c. 34, Notes).]

[Footnote 148:  This is the Ebro, which the Romans called Iberus, the large river which flows in a south-east direction and enters the Mediterranean.

It seems that Plutarch here means the nations between the Ebro and the Pyrenees, or the modern Aragon, Navarre, and Catalonia.]

[Footnote 149:  The story is told by Frontinus, Stratagemata, i. 10, as Kaltwasser observes, and again, in iv. 7, in the very same words.  It has been often remarked that Horatius probably alludes to this story (ii. Epist. I, 45).]

[Footnote 150:  The Tagonius is either the Tagus (Tajo), or a branch of that large river, on the banks of which the Carpetani are placed by geographers, who also mark Caraca, a position on the Henares, a branch of the Tagus.  If Caraca represents the country of the Charicatani, the Tagonius is the Nares or Henares, on which stood Complutum, the modern Alcala de Henarea.  But all this is merely conjecture.]

[Footnote 151:  Lauron is placed near the coast, and near the outlet of the Sucro river, the modern Xucar.  There was also a town Sucro near the mouth of the Sucro.  Appian (Civil Wars, i. 109) says that when the city was captured, a soldier attempted violence on a woman ([Greek:  para phusin]), who tore out his eyes with her fingers.  Sertorius, who knew that the whole cohort was addicted to infamous practices, put them all to death though they were Romans.  Frontinus (Stratagem. ii. 5) has a long account of this affair at Lauron, for which he quotes Livius, who says that Pompeius lost ten thousand men and all his baggage.

Pompeius began his Spanish campaign B.C. 76.]

[Footnote 152:  These names are very uncertain in Plutarch.  Tuttia may be the Turia, now the Guadalaviar, the river of Valencia, the outlet of which is about twenty-five miles north of the outlet of the Sucro.  Other readings are Duria and Dusia (see the notes of Sintenis).  If these rivers are properly identified, this campaign was carried on in the plains of the kingdom of Valencia.  Tutia is mentioned by Florus (iii. 22) as one of the Spanish towns which surrendered to Pompeius after the death of Sertorius and Perperna.

Kaltwasser refers to Frontinus, who speaks of one Hirtuleius, or Herculeius in some editions, as a general of Sertorius who was defeated by Metellus (Stratagem, ii. 1).  In another passage (ii. 7) Frontinus states that Sertorius during a battle being informed by a native that Hirtuleius hod fallen, stabbed the man that he might not carry the news to others, and so dispirit his soldiers.  Plutarch (Life of Pompeius c. 18) states that Pompeius defeated Herennius and Perperna near Valentia, and killed above ten thousand of their men.  This is apparently the same battle that Plutarch is here speaking of.]