[Footnote 118:  This town, which the Romans called Nova Carthago, was built by the Carthaginians at the close of the first Punic War B.C. 235, and so long as they kept possession of Spain it was their chief city.  Livius (26. c. 42), describes the situation of New Carthage, now Cartagena, and one of the best harbours in Spain.  Its position on the S.E. coast is favourable for communication with Africa.]

[Footnote 119:  The maritime towns of Cilicia were for a long time the resort of a bold set of seamen and adventurers who scoured the Mediterranean and were as formidable to the people of Italy as the Barbary Corsairs were in the middle ages.  It was one of the great merits of Cn.  Pompeius Magnus that he cleared the seas of these scoundrels.  See Lucullus, c. 37.]

[Footnote 120:  The two islands of Yvica or Ibica and Formentera, which belong to the Balearic group, were sometimes comprehended under the name of the Pityussae or the Pine Islands (Strabo, 167, ed.  Casaub.).  The Greeks and Romans called Yvica, Ebusus.  Ivica is hilly, and the high tracts are well covered with pine and fir.]

[Footnote 121:  This is the old name of the Straits of Gibraltar, which is still retained in the modern form Cadiz.  Gadeira, which the Romans called Gades, was an old Phoenician town, on the island of Leon, where Cadiz now stands.  Strabo (p. 168, ed.  Casaub.) says that Gades in his time (the beginning of the reign of Tiberius) was not inferior in population to any city except Rome, and was a place of great trade, as it is now.]

[Footnote 122:  This river, now the Guadalquivir, gave the name of Baetica to one of the three provinces into which the Spanish Peninsula was ultimately divided by the Romans for the purposes of administration.]

[Footnote 123:  This was the name for so much of the ocean that washes the west coast of Europe and Africa as the Greeks and Romans were acquainted with.  The Greeks and Romans had no name for the Mediterranean.]

[Footnote 124:  The only islands in the Atlantic that correspond to this description are Madeira and Porto Santo, but Porto Santo is forty miles north-east of Madeira.  The distance of Madeira from the coast of Africa is about 400 miles or about 4000 stadia.  The climate of Madeira is very temperate:  the thermometer seldom sinks below 60 deg., though it sometimes rises as high as 90 deg. of Fahrenheit.  On the high and mountainous parts there are heavy dews, and rain falls at all seasons.  Owing to the variety of surface and elevation the island produces both tropical products and those of temperate countries.  The fame of this happy region had spread to all parts of the ancient world, though we cannot safely conclude that the islands were known by report to Homer.  Horace in his 16th Epode is probably alluding to these islands when he is speaking of the Civil Wars and of flying from their horrors in those beautiful lines: 

    Nos manet Oceanus circumvagus; arva beata
      Petamus arva divites et insulas, &c.