[Footnote 80:  Ichnae was a town on the Bilecha, south of Carrhae.  Dion Cassias (40. c. 12) calls it Ichniae, and adds that Crassus before taking Nikephorium had been defeated by Talymenus Eilakes.  Eilakes is probably a blunder in the copies of Dion; and it is conjectured that he is the Sillakes mentioned by Plutarch (c. 21), Appian, and Orosius (vi. 3).]

[Footnote 81:  The death of young Crassus, and the subsequent misfortunes of the Romans, are described by Dion Cassius, 40. c. 21, &c.]

[Footnote 82:  Or Egnatius.  He is called Gnatius by Appian.]

[Footnote 83:  Cassius escaped to Syria, which he successfully defended against the invading Parthians, who lost their commander, Osakes.  (Dion Cassius. 40. c. 28, 29; Cicero, Ad Attic. v. 20; Orosius, vi. 13.)

Cicero was proconsul of Cilicia during the Parthian invasion of Syria B.C. 51.]

[Footnote 84:  Sinnaca is mentioned by Strabo p. 747, but he says nothing which enables us to fix its position.  If Plutarch’s narrative is correct; it was not far from Carrhae; and Carrhae was considered by the Romans to be the scene of the death of Crassus, probably because it was the nearest known place to the spot where he fell.]

[Footnote 85:  ‘The river’ is the Euphrates.]

[Footnote 86:  The stories about the death of Crassus varied, as we might suppose.  Dion Cassius (40. c. 27) remarks that, according to one version of the story, Crassus was badly wounded, and was killed by one of his own people to prevent him from being taken alive.  He adds that the chief part of the army of Crassus made their escape.]

[Footnote 87:  The story of molten gold being poured into the mouth of the head of Crassus is given by Dion Cassius as a report.  Floras (iii. 11) has the same story; and he says that it was the right hand of Crassus which was sent to the king, as we might conjecture it would be, if only one was sent.]

[Footnote 88:  Kaltwasser asks, “Was this perchance intended as an allusion to the avarice of Crassus, as the female dress was intended to refer to his cowardice?” The probable answer is Yes.]

[Footnote 89:  As this was a Greek town, it had a Greek constitution, and was governed by a body which the Romans called a Senate.  The Senate of Seleukeia is mentioned by Tacitus (Annal. vi. 42):  “Trecenti opibus, aut sapientia delecti, ut Senatus:  sua populo vis; et quoties concordes agunt, spernitur Parthus.”]

[Footnote 90:  This Aristeides wrote lewd stories called Milesiaca, of which there were several books.  They were translated into Latin by the historian L. Cornelius Sisenna, a contemporary of Sulla.  It is not said whether the original or the translation formed a part of the camp furniture of this unworthy Roman soldier.  The work of Aristeides was known to Ovidius (Tristia, ii. 413, 443), who attempts to defend his own amatory poetry by the example of Sisenna, who translated an obscene book.]