[Footnote 690:  Short-hand writers were called by the Romans “actuarii” and “notarii,” of which last word Plutarch’s word ([Greek:  semeiographoi] ) is a translation.  It is not likely that short-hand writing was invented for the occasion, as Plutarch says.  Under the empire short-hand writers are often mentioned.]

[Footnote 691:  L. Marcius Philippus, consul in B.C. 56 with Cn.  Cornelius Lentulus.]

[Footnote 692:  L. Thrasea Paetus, a Latin writer, a native of Padua, who was put to death by Nero (Tacitus, Annal. xvi. 34, 25).  His authority for the Life of Cato was, as it appears, Munatius Rufus, who accompanied Cato to Cyprus (c. 37).]

[Footnote 693:  Quintus Hortensius was consul B.C. 69, a distinguished orator and a man of refined and luxurious habits.  Bibulus is M. Calpurnius Bibulus, the colleague of Caesar in his consulship B.C. 59.  He had three sons by Porcia, Cato’s daughter by Atilia.

This transfer of Marcia is oddly told by Plutarch.  It was not a mere case of lending the woman for the purpose of procreation, for the child of Hortensius could not be his legal child, unless Marcia became his legal wife.  Cato must accordingly have divorced his wife, which was done at Rome without any trouble.  The only thing then that is peculiar in the affair is, that Cato did not divorce his wife because he was dissatisfied with her on good grounds, nor for such grounds as Cicero divorced his wife, but for the reason mentioned in the text.  Marcia continued to be the wife of Hortensius till his death.  The marriage with Hortensius probably took place about B.C. 56.

This affair has caused the critics much difficulty.  But as we may assume that Hortensius wished to have a child that would be his own, which is in fact Plutarch’s statement, and one that would be in his paternal power, he must have married Marcia, and Cato must have divorced her in proper form.  The fact of Philippus giving his daughter away shows that she was then at his disposal.  Cato married her again, and his conduct proved that he trusted her.  The notion of Cato lending his wife would have been as inconsistent with legal principle and morality in Rome as such a transaction would be in England.]

[Footnote 694:  Compare the Life of Caesar, c. 8.]

[Footnote 695:  Pompeius was now in Asia.  See the Life of Pompeius, c. 42, 43.]

[Footnote 696:  Castor and Pollux.  See the Life of Tiberius Gracchus, c. 2.  The temple was on the south side of the Forum Romanum.  The steps are those which led to the Rostra.]

[Footnote 697:  This is the translation of the reading [Greek:  oikothen] , which is probably incorrect.  Solanus proposes [Greek:  autothen], and Kaltwasser proposes [Greek:  apothen] , “from a distance,” which he has adopted in his version, “und liess die bewaffneten, die von fern standen, mit furchbarem Geschre* anruecken.”]

[Footnote 698:  Lucullus returned B.C. 66.  He triumphed B.C. 63.  See the Life of Lucullus, c. 37.  Plutarch has here confused the order of events.  Kaltwasser translates this passage as if Lucullus had returned to Rome after Metellus left it in B.C. 62.]