[Footnote 399:  In Greek, this word is properly applied to the slave whose duty it was to attend a boy to and from school, and generally to keep him out of mischief.  He was not supposed to teach him.]

[Footnote 400:  The literal meaning of this word is “bull’s head.”  It is conjectured that this refers to the mark with which the horse was branded, not to his appearance.]

[Footnote 401:  I believe that the seal here mentioned was Philip’s own, and in no sense the “great seal of the kingdom,” although Strabo speaks of the public seal of a state.]

[Footnote 402:  A tribe in the eastern part of Macedonia.]

[Footnote 403:  Near Chaeronea.]

[Footnote 404:  It must be remembered that the ancients, although they possessed chairs, always ate and drank reclining upon couches.]

[Footnote 405:  The Karians, ever since the siege of Troy, were regarded by the Greeks with the greatest contempt Cf.  Il. ix. 378.]

[Footnote 406:  Bacchus.  Compare the Bacchae of Euripides, passim.]

[Footnote 407:  For a description of the Macedonian phalanx, see life of Titus Flaminius, ch. viii., note.]

[Footnote 408:  This inscription was no doubt written over such spoils as were placed in the Greek temples.  Compare Virgil’s “AEneas haec de Danais victoribus arma.”]

[Footnote 409:  When the wind blew from the south, this road was covered by such a depth of water as to be impracticable:  for some time before he reached the spot the wind had blown strong from the south—­but as he came near, the special providence of the gods (so he and his friends conceived it) brought on a change of wind to the north, so that the sea receded and left an available passage, though his soldiers had the water up to their waists.  Grote’s History of Greece, Part II. ch. xcii.]

[Footnote 410:  See Smith’s ‘Biographical Dictionary’ s.v.]

[Footnote 411:  This dye was probably made from the murex or purple fish, caught in the Hermionic gulf, in Argolis, which produced a dye only second to that of Tyre.]

[Footnote 412:  “No certainty is attainable about the ancient geography of these regions.  Mr. Long’s Map of Ancient Persia shows how little can be made out.” (Grote’s ‘History of Greece,’ part ii. chap. cxiii., note.)]

[Footnote 413:  Lykus in Greek signifies a wolf.]

[Footnote 414:  In Persepolis, the capital of the district called Persis.]

[Footnote 415:  The ancients, whose bodies were anointed with oil or unguents, used dust when wrestling, to enable them to hold one another.]

[Footnote 416:  The Sea of Azof.]

[Footnote 417:  Antipater had been left by Alexander as his viceroy in Macedonia.]

[Footnote 418:  The word which I have translated ‘striped’ is mentioned by Xenophon in the Cyropaedia as one of the ensigns of royalty assumed by Cyrus.]

[Footnote 419:  Probably Cabul or Ghuznee.  The whole geography of Alexander’s Asiatic campaigns will be found most exhaustively discussed in Grote’s ‘History of Greece,’ part ii. ch. xcii., s. 99.]