[Footnote 349:  Kyzikus.  The ruins of this ancient city, now Bal Kiz, that is Palaea Kyzikus, lie near to the east of the sandy isthmus which now connects the peninsula of Kyzikus with the mainland.  Hamilton (Researches in Asia Minor, &c., London, 1842, ii. 102), says that “the loose and rubbly character of the buildings of Kyzikus little accords with the celebrity of its architects; and although some appear to have been cased with marble, none of them give an idea of the solid grandeur of the genuine Greek style.”  Yet Strabo (p. 575) describes this city as among the first of Asia.  In his time the present peninsula was an island, which was connected with the mainland by two bridges:  the city was near the bridges, and had two harbours that could be closed.  Under the Romans in Strabo’s time, Kyzikus was a Free City (Libera Civitas).]

[Footnote 350:  This range is described by Strabo as opposite to Kyzikus, on the mainland.  Kaltwasser states that Strabo called the Adrasteia of Plutarch by the name Dindymus; but this is a mistake, in which he is not singular.  Dindymus was a solitary hill, and on the peninsula near the town of Kyzikus.]

[Footnote 351:  This is a small lake near the coast of the Propontis, at the back of which and more inland are two larger lakes, called respectively by ancient geographers, Miletopolitis (now Moniyas) and Apollonias (now Abullionte).  The lake Daskylitis is not marked in the map which accompanies Hamilton’s work.]

[Footnote 352:  Persephassa, or Persephone, whom the Romans call Proserpina, was the patron goddess of Kyzikus.  Compare Appian (Mithridat.  War, c. 75).]

[Footnote 353:  What he was I don’t know.  Kaltwasser translates the word ([Greek:  grammatiste]) “the public schoolmaster;” but he is inclined to take Reiske’s conjecture [Greek:  grammatei] because the grammateus was an important functionary in the Greek towns, and a “public schoolmaster” is not mentioned as an ordinary personage at this period.  But Kaltwasser has not observed that [Greek:  grammatistes] signifies a clerk or secretary in various passages (Herodotus, iii. 123, 128; vii. 100).  If [Greek:  grammatistes] could only signify a schoolmaster, it would be necessary to alter the reading.  One cannot suppose that the goddess would reveal herself to a schoolmaster; or that a schoolmaster could venture to announce that he had received the honour of such a communication.  When Romulus after his sudden disappearance again appeared to assure the anxious citizens, Julius Proculus was selected by him as the person to whom he showed himself; or Julius Proculus was one of the few who could claim to have the story of such an appearance believed. (Liv. i. 16.)]

[Footnote 354:  I have kept the Greek word ([Greek:  stele]), for no English word exactly expresses the thing.  It was a stone placed upright, with an inscription on a flat surface, the summit of which sometimes ended with an ornamental finish.  There are several in the British Museum.]