[Footnote 228:  This city was burnt by Xerxes in his invasion of Greece B.C. 480. (Herodotus, viii. 33.) Pausanias (x. 33) says that it was not rebuilt by the Boeotians and Athenians:  in another passage (x. 3) he says it was destroyed by Philip after the close of the Sacred or Phokian war B.C. 346; and therefore it had been rebuilt by somebody.]

[Footnote 229:  The soldiers who had shields of brass.]

[Footnote 230:  This was Aulus Gabinius, who was sent by Sulla B.C. 81 with orders to L. Licinius Murena to put an end to the war with Mithridates.  Ericius is not a Roman name:  perhaps it should be Hirtius.]

[Footnote 231:  This is Juba II., king of Mauritania, who married Cleopatra, one of the children of Marcus Antonius by Cleopatra, queen of Egypt.  Juba was a scholar and an author:  he is often quoted, by Strabo, Plinius (Nat Hist.), and other writers.]

[Footnote 232:  “Our city” will explain why Plutarch has described the campaign in the plains of Boeotia at such length.  Plutarch’s battles are none of the best; and he has done well in making them generally short.]

[Footnote 233:  The cave of Trophonius was at Lebadeia in Boeotia.  Pausanias (ix. 39) has given a full account of the singular ceremonies used on consulting the deity.]

[Footnote 234:  The word is [Greek:  omphes], literally “voice,” which has caused a difficulty to the translators; but the reading is probably right.]

[Footnote 235:  This was Lucius Licinius Murena, who conducted the war against Mithridates in Asia B.C. 83 as Propraetor.  He was the father of the Lucius Murena in whose defence we have an extant oration of Cicero.]

[Footnote 236:  The old story is well told by Ovidius (Metamorphoses, iii. 14, &c.)]

[Footnote 237:  A temple of the Muses.]

[Footnote 238:  Kaltwasser has followed the reading “Gallus” in his version, though, as he remarks in a note, this man is called Galba by Appian (Mithridat.  War, 43), and he is coupled with Hortensius, just as in Plutarch.]

[Footnote 239:  This clumsy military contrivance must generally have been a failure.  These chariots were useless in the battle between Cyrus and his brother Artaxerxes B.C. 401. (Xenophon, Anabasis, i. 8.) Appian (Mithridatic War, c. 42) mentions sixty of these chariots as being driven against the Romans, who opened their ranks to make way for them:  the chariots were surrounded by the Roman soldiers in the rear and destroyed.]

[Footnote 240:  A Circus was a Roman racecourse.  The chief circus was the Circus Maximus, which was used also for hunts of wild beasts.  See the article “Circus” in Smith’s Dictionary of Antiquities.]

[Footnote 241:  I have kept the Greek word ([Greek:  hoplites]), which means a soldier who was equipped with defensive armour for close fighting.]