and no longer paid their court to foreign patrons.  Aratus, who was no soldier, had effected most of his successes by suave diplomacy and personal friendship with foreign princes, as we have written in his Life:  but Philopoemen, a brave and vigorous, and, what is more, an eminently successful commander in his first essays, greatly raised the spirit and the strength of the Achaeans, by making them confident of victory under his leadership.

IX.  His first task was to alter the military equipment and arms of the Achaeans.  They had hitherto used light shields, too narrow to protect the body, and spears much smaller than the long Macedonian pike.  This light armament rendered them effective as skirmishers, but unable to hold their own in close fighting.  Their order of battle, too, was loose and without cohesion, having neither the projecting pikes nor the serried shields of the Macedonian phalanx, in consequence of which they were easily thrust aside and routed.  Philopoemen pointed this out to them, and persuaded them to adopt the heavy shield and pike in place of their light arms, to accoutre themselves with helmet, corslet, and greaves, and to endeavour to move in a steady unbroken mass instead of in a loose irregular skirmishing order.  When he had induced them to put on complete armour he raised their spirit by telling them that they would be unconquerable, while he also effected a most wholesome change in their luxurious habits of life.  It was impossible entirely to do away with their long-standing passion for fine purple robes and tapestry, rich banquets, and furniture:  but he directed this love of finery to useful purposes, and soon brought them all to retrench their private expenditure, and to take a pride in the splendour of their military equipments.  Their plate was sent to the crucible, and employed to gild corslets, shields, and caparisons; their public places were full of young men training chargers or exercising themselves in arms, while the women were busy fitting plumes to helmets, and ornamenting buff coats and military cloaks.  The sight of all this activity roused up their courage, and made them eager for battle.  In all other cases too much care for outward show and display leads to effeminacy and luxury, because the pleasure which our senses receive from these things blunt our better judgment, but in military matters this is not so, for a splendid appearance under arms increases men’s courage; as Homer tells us that Achilles, when his new arms were brought to him, was at once excited by a vehement desire to make use of them.  The youth, thus equipped, were incessantly exercised and practised in their new manoeuvres, which they performed with zealous goodwill, being delighted with the close formation of the phalanx, which seemed as though it could never be broken.  They soon began to move with ease in their heavy armour, priding themselves upon its splendour, and longing to prove its value in battle against their enemies.  The