as soon as possible.  A penstock flows by the doorway, rows of tin pans sun themselves in the yard, and the great wheel of the churning-machine flanks the milk-house, or rattles behind it.  The winters are severe, the snow deep.  The principal fuel is still wood,—­beech, birch, and maple.  It is hauled off the mountain in great logs when the first November or December snows come, and cut up and piled in the wood-houses and under a shed.  Here the axe still rules the winter, and it may be heard all day and every day upon the wood-pile, or echoing through the frost-bound wood, the coat of the chopper hanging to a limb, and his white chips strewing the snow.

Many cattle need much hay; hence in dairy sections haying is the period of “storm and stress” in the farmer’s year.  To get the hay in, in good condition, and before the grass gets too ripe, is a great matter.  All the energies and resources of the farm are bent to this purpose.  It is a thirty or forty days’ war, in which the farmer and his “hands” are pitted against the heat and the rain and the legions of timothy and clover.  Everything about it has the urge, the hurry, the excitement of a battle.  Outside help is procured; men flock in from adjoining counties, where the ruling industry is something else and is less imperative; coopers, blacksmiths, and laborers of various kinds drop their tools, and take down their scythes and go in quest of a job in haying.  Every man is expected to pitch his endeavors in a little higher key than at any other kind of work.  The wages are extra, and the work must correspond.  The men are in the meadow by half-past four or five in the morning, and mow an hour or two before breakfast.  A good mower is proud of his skill.  He does not “lop in,” and his “pointing out” is perfect, and you can hardly see the ribs of his swath.  He stands up to his grass and strikes level and sure.  He will turn a double down through the stoutest grass, and when the hay is raked away you will not find a spear left standing.  The Americans are—­or were—­the best mowers.  A foreigner could never quite give the masterly touch.  The hayfield has its code.  One man must not take another’s swath unless he expects to be crowded.  Each expects to take his turn leading the band.  The scythe may be so whetted as to ring out a saucy challenge to the rest.  It is not good manners to mow up too close to your neighbor, unless you are trying to keep out of the way of the man behind you.  Many a race has been brought on by some one being a little indiscreet in this respect.  Two men may mow all day together under the impression that each is trying to put the other through.  The one that leads strikes out briskly, and the other, not to be outdone, follows close.  Thus the blood of each is soon up; a little heat begets more heat, and it is fairly a race before long.  It is a great ignominy to be mowed out of your swath.  Hay-gathering is clean, manly work all through.  Young fellows work