Notice that the contracted letters, or those which occupy only one space, as a, m, n, o, s, v, w and e, and that part of d, g, h, q and y, found in the first space, are all well rounded and developed.  These letters and parts of letters, found in the first space, form the essential part of all writing, and therefore deserve especial care.  Also notice that the loop letters, above the line, such as b, f, h, k and l, extend two and one-half spaces above the blue line, while the loop below the line, such as g, f, j, q, y and z, extend one and one-half spaces below the blue line, thus two and one-half and one and one-half making the four spaces of the scale, and the upper loops on one line will just meet the lower loops of the line above, but never conflict, to the destruction of neat body writing.  Notice the type of the printer.  The extensions above the shorter letters are quite insignificant, and are only used to save the letter from resembling some other letter of the alphabet.  They never conflict, and how legible they are.

[Illustration:  The Types.  A Resemblance.  An Absurdity.]

Besides, to make long loops, requires more time, and more power with the pen, while shorter loops are in every way easier to acquire, quicker, and better.  Telegraph operators, some of whom are among our best business penmen, make all extended letters very short, while accountants, and business men, favor the style of short loops, well developed letters, and small capitals.

Apply the principles.  Observe regularity.  Muscular movement.

[Illustration:  (v and u strokes)]

Down strokes straight.  Up strokes curved.

[Illustration:  (n and m strokes)]

Principle No. 1.  Well formed loop.

[Illustration:  (e and c strokes)]

These exercises should be practiced with the muscular movement, until they can be made with regularity and ease.

4th principle.  Let 3d and 4th fingers slide.  Notice the top.

[Illustration:  (s and r strokes)]

O closed at top.  No retracing.

[Illustration:  (o and a strokes)]

Two spaces high.  Down stroke straight.

[Illustration:  (l and d strokes)]

A rule in writing may be laid down, that all small letters should commence on the blue line, and end one space high.

Discover the principles.  Avoid retracing.

[Illustration:  (g and q strokes)]

Notice form.  In w, last part narrow.  Make without raising the pen.

[Illustration:  (v, w, and x strokes)]

Extend two spaces above the line, and one below.

[Illustration:  p p pppppp pump paper prepared pen]

Retracing is an error.  The only exception to this is in d, t, p and x, where it becomes [Transcriber’s Note:  The original text reads ‘neccessary’] necessary.

[Illustration:  b b b blending blooming k k kick kicking hurt hint hand heart head hundred hhh f find fund fame flame flowers fumigate]