In the part of the Dionysiac mysteries at which the toys of the child Dionysus were exhibited, and during which (as it seems) the [Greek], or bull-roarer, was whirred, the performers daubed themselves all over with clay.  This we learn from a passage in which Demosthenes describes the youth of his hated adversary, AEschines.  The mother of AEschines, he says, was a kind of ‘wise woman,’ and dabbler in mysteries.  AEschines used to aid her by bedaubing the initiate over with clay and bran. {40a} The word [Greek], here used by Demosthenes, is explained by Harpocration as the ritual term for daubing the initiated.  A story was told, as usual, to explain this rite.  It was said that, when the Titans attacked Dionysus and tore him to pieces, they painted themselves first with clay, or gypsum, that they might not be recognised.  Nonnus shows, in several places, that down to his time the celebrants of the Bacchic mysteries retained this dirty trick.  Precisely the same trick prevails in the mysteries of savage peoples.  Mr. Winwood Reade {40b} reports the evidence of Mongilomba.  When initiated, Mongilomba was ’severely flogged in the Fetich House’ (as young Spartans were flogged before the animated image of Artemis), and then he was ‘plastered over with goat-dung.’  Among the natives of Victoria, {40c} the ’body of the initiated is bedaubed with clay, mud, charcoal powder, and filth of every kind.’  The girls are plastered with charcoal powder and white clay, answering to the Greek gypsum.  Similar daubings were performed at the mysteries by the Mandans, as described by Catlin; and the Zunis made raids on Mr. Cushing’s black paint and Chinese ink for like purposes.  On the Congo, Mr. Johnson found precisely the same ritual in the initiations.  Here, then, not to multiply examples, we discover two singular features in common between Greek and savage mysteries.  Both Greeks and savages employ the bull-roarer, both bedaub the initiated with dirt or with white paint or chalk.  As to the meaning of the latter very un-Aryan practice, one has no idea.  It is only certain that war parties of Australian blacks bedaub themselves with white clay to alarm their enemies in night attacks.  The Phocians, according to Herodotus (viii. 27), adopted the same ’aisy stratagem,’ as Captain Costigan has it.  Tellies, the medicine-man ([Greek]), chalked some sixty Phocians, whom he sent to make a night attack on the Thessalians.  The sentinels of the latter were seized with supernatural horror, and fled, ‘and after the sentinels went the army.’  In the same way, in a night attack among the Australian Kurnai, {41a} ’they all rapidly painted themselves with pipe-clay:  red ochre is no use, it cannot frighten an enemy.’  If, then, Greeks in the historic period kept up Australian tactics, it is probable that the ancient mysteries of Greece might retain the habit of daubing the initiated which occurs in savage rites.