Checked in 1833, the descent on Savoy was actually attempted in 1834, with Mazzini’s consent, though not by his wish.  An officer who had won some celebrity in the Polish revolution, General Ramorino, a Savoyard by origin, was given the command.  Ramorino was a gambler, who could not be trusted with money, but Mazzini’s suspicion that on this occasion he played the part of traitor is not proved.  However that may be, the expedition ended almost as soon as it began.  Ramorino crossed the frontier of Savoy at the head of the column, but when he heard that a Polish reinforcement had been stopped on the Lake of Geneva, he retreated into Switzerland, and advised the band to follow him.

After these events, Mazzini could no longer carry on his propaganda in France.  He took refuge in England, where a great part of his life was to be passed, and of which he spoke, to the last, as his second country.  The first period of his residence in England was darkened by the deep distress and discouragement into which the recent events had plunged him; but his faith in the future prevailed, and he went on with his work.  His endeavours to help his fellow-exiles reduced him to the last stage of poverty; the day came when he was obliged to pawn a coat and an old pair of boots.  These money difficulties did not afflict him, and by degrees his writings in English periodicals brought some addition to the small quarterly allowance which he received from his mother.  It seems strange, though it is easily explained, that it was in London that he first got to know the Italian working classes.  He was surprised and gladdened by the abundance of good elements which he found in them.  No country, indeed, has more reason to hope in her working men than the land whose sons have tunnelled the Alps, cut the most arduous railway lines in America and India, brought up English ships from the deep, laid the caissons (a task of extreme danger) which support the great structure of the Bridge of the Firth of Forth, and left their bones to whiten at Panama.  ‘It is the universal testimony,’ writes a high American authority, ‘that no more faithful men have come among us.’  What was the cause of the slaughter of the Aigues Mortes?  That the Italians worked too well.

Mazzini wrote for his humble friends the treatise on The Duties of Man, in which he told them that he loved them too well to flatter them.  Another work that occupied him and consoled him was the rescue and moral improvement of the children employed by organ-grinders, and he was the first to call attention to the white slavery to which many of them were subjected.  He opened a school in Hatton Garden, in which he taught, and which he mainly supported for the seven years from 1841 to 1848.

The enterprise of the Brothers Bandiera belongs to the history of ‘Young Italy,’ though Mazzini himself had tried to prevent it, believing that it could only end in the sacrifice of all concerned.  Nor, at the last, did the actors in it expect anything else.  They had hoped for better things; for a general movement in the South of Italy, or at least for an undertaking on a larger and less irrational basis.  But promises failed, money was not forthcoming, and it was a choice between doing nothing or a piece of heroic folly.  Contrary to Mazzini’s entreaties, they chose the second alternative.