that if the egotism of capital led to oppression, the egotism of labour would lead to anarchy.  To the end he preached the moral law of which he had been the apostle through life.  His last message to his countrymen, written when the pen was falling from his hand, was a warning to Italian workingmen to beware of the false gods of the new socialism.  When others saw darkness he saw light; now, Cassandra-like, he saw darkness when others saw light; yet he did not doubt the ultimate triumph of the light, but he no longer thought that his eyes would see it, and he was glad to close them.

Less sad, notwithstanding his physical martyrdom, were Garibaldi’s last years.  Italy showed him an unforgetting love; when he came to the continent, the same multitudes waited for him as of old, but instead of cheers there was a not less impressive silence now, lest the invalid should be disturbed.  Soon after the transfer of the capital he went to Rome to speak in favour of the works by which it was proposed to control the inundations of the Tiber, and it was curious to hear it said on all sides that, of course, the Tiber works must be taken in hand as Garibaldi wished it.  Pius IX. summed up the situation wittily in the remark:  ‘Lately we were two here; now we are three.’  The old hero invoked the day when bayonets might be turned into pruning-hooks, but he by no means thought that it had arrived, and in the meanwhile he urged the Italians to look to their defences, and above all, ’to be strong on the sea, like England.’  In the matter of government he remained the impenitent advocate of the rule of one honest man—­call him Dictator or what you please, so he be one!  Garibaldi died at Caprera on the 2nd of June 1882.  The play was ended, the actors vanished: 

  [Greek:  Dote kroton, kai pantes hymeis meta charas ktypesate.]

A new epoch has begun which need not detain the chronicler of Italian Liberation.  The prose of possession succeeds the poetry of desire.  Nothing, however, can lessen the greatness of the achievement.  With regard to the future, it may be allowable to recall the superstition which, like so many other seemingly meaningless beliefs, becomes full of meaning when read according to the spirit:  that a house stands long if its foundations be watered with the blood of sacrifice.  No work of man was ever watered with a purer blood than the restoration of Italy to the ranks of living nations.  And the last word of this book shall be Hope.

* * * * *

Colston and Company, Printers, Edinburgh.

INDEX

  Albrecht, Archduke, 364, 369.

  Alessandria, 225.

  Alfieri, 8, 18.

  Alemann, General, 379.

  Amedeo, Prince, 169, 344, 368.

  Amadeus, Victor, 73.

  Amadeus with the Tail, 172.

  Ampere, 237.

  Andreoli, Giuseppe, 51.