crowd will be remembered from the pretty incident having passed into English poetry.  On the 8th, the King and the Emperor made their entry amidst a new paroxysm of enthusiasm.  Napoleon is reported to have exclaimed:  ’How this people must have suffered!’ In his proclamation ’to the Italian people,’ which bears the same date as his entry into Milan, he renewed the assurance of the disinterested motives which had brought him to Italy:  ’Your enemies, who are also mine, have endeavoured to diminish the universal sympathy felt in Europe for your cause, by causing it to be believed that I am making war for personal ambition, or to increase French territory.  If there are men who fail to comprehend their epoch, I am not one of them.  In the enlightened state of public opinion now prevailing, true greatness lies in the moral influence which we exercise rather than in sterile conquests.’  The proclamation ended with the words:  ’To-morrow you will be the citizens of a great country.’  Not the least effusive demonstrations were reserved for Cavour, who joined his Sovereign a few days after the battle of Magenta.

* * * * *

Leaving the Milanese to put their faith in princes while yet there was time, a glance must be taken at what had been going on in the rest of Italy, which was becoming a great nation far more rapidly, and in a much fuller sense than Napoleon III. expected or wished.  When Austria sent her ultimatum to Turin, the Sardinian minister at the Court of Tuscany invited the Grand Duke’s Government to take part in the war of liberation.  This they refused to do.  On perceiving, however, that he could not depend on his troops, the Grand Duke promised to co-operate with Piedmont, but his advisers did not now think it possible to save the grand ducal throne, unless Leopold II. abdicated in favour of his son, who was not burdened with the fatal associations of the reaction of ten years before.  Leopold probably thought that even his abdication would not keep out the deluge, and he took the more dignified course of declining to yield to force.  On the 27th of April, accompanied by the Corps Diplomatique as far as the frontier, he left Tuscany.  A Provisional Government was formed with Peruzzi at its head, which hastily raised 8000 men for immediate service under the command of General Ulloa.  Before long Prince Napoleon, with the fifth corps of the French army, landed, for no reason that could be avowed, at Leghorn.  The real motive was to prepare the way for the fabrication of a new kingdom of Etruria, which existed already in Napoleon’s brain.  This masterpiece of folly had but a lukewarm supporter in Prince Napoleon, who was the only Napoleon and about the only Frenchman (if he could be called one) who grasped the idea of the unity of Italy and sincerely applauded it.  Had Jerome Napoleon been born with the least comprehension of self-respect and personal dignity, his strong political intelligence and clear logical discernment must have produced something better than the most ineffectual career of the century.