An adjunct or imperfect phrase contains no assertion, or does not amount to a proposition or sentence; as, “Therefore;” “studious of praise;” “in the pursuit of commerce.”—­For the definition of a sentence, and a compound sentence, turn to page 119.

When two or more adjuncts are connected with the verb in the same manner, and by the same preposition or conjunction, the sentence is compound, and may be resolved into as many simple ones as there are adjuncts; as, “They have sacrificed their health and fortune, at the shrine of vanity, pride, and extravagance.”  But when the adjuncts are connected with the verb in a different manner, the sentence is simple; as, “Grass of an excellent quality, is produced in great abundance in the northern regions of our country.”

COMMA.

RULE 1.  The members of a simple sentence should not, in general, be separated by a comma; as, “Every part of matter swarms with living creatures.”

Exercises in Punctuation.—­Idleness is the great fomenter of all corruptions in the human heart.  The friend of order has made half his way to virtue.  All finery is a sign of littleness.

RULE 2.  When a simple sentence is long, and the nominative is accompanied with an inseparable adjunct of importance, it may admit a comma immediately before the verb; as, “The good taste of the present age, has not allowed us to neglect the cultivation of the English language;” “Too many of the pretended friendships of youth, are mere combinations in pleasure.”

Exercises.—­The indulgence of a harsh disposition is the introduction to future misery.  To be totally indifferent to praise or censure is a real defect in character.  The intermixture of evil in human society serves to exercise the suffering graces and virtues of the good.

RULE 3.  When the connexion of the different parts of a simple sentence, is interrupted by an adjunct of importance, the adjunct must be distinguished by a comma before and after it; as, “His work is, in many respects, very imperfect.  It is, therefore, not much approved.”  But when these interruptions are slight and unimportant, it is better to omit the comma; as, “Flattery is certainly pernicious;” “There is surely a pleasure in beneficence.”

Exercises.—­Charity like the sun brightens all its objects.  Gentleness is in truth the great avenue to mutual enjoyment.  You too have your failings.  Humility and knowledge with poor apparel excel pride and ignorance under costly attire.  The best men often experience disappointments.  Advice should be seasonably administered.  No assumed behavior can always hide the real character.

RULE 4.  The nominative case independent, and nouns in apposition when accompanied with adjuncts, must be distinguished by commas; as, “My son, give me thy heart;” “Dear Sir, I write to express my gratitude for your many kindnesses;” “I am obliged to you, my friends, for your many favors;” “Paul, the apostle, of the Gentiles, was eminent for his zeal and knowledge;” “The butterfly, child of the summer, flutters in the sun.”