Before you proceed to correct the following exercises in false syntax, you may turn back and read over the whole thirteen lectures, unless you have the subject-matter already stored in your mind.

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LECTURE XIV.

OF DERIVATION.

At the commencement of Lecture II., I informed you that Etymology treats, 3dly, of derivation.  This branch of Etymology, important as it is, cannot be very extensively treated in an elementary work on grammar.  In the course of the preceding lectures, it has been frequently agitated; and now I shall offer a few more remarks, which will doubtless be useful in illustrating some of the various methods in which one word is derived from another.  Before you proceed, however, please to turn back and read again what is advanced on this subject on page 27, and in the PHILOSOPHICAL NOTES.

1.  Nouns are derived from verbs. 2.  Verbs are derived from nouns, adjectives, and sometimes from adverbs. 3.  Adjectives are derived from nouns. 4.  Nouns are derived from adjectives. 5.  Adverbs are derived from adjectives.

1.  Nouns are derived from verbs; as, from “to love,” comes “lover;” from “to visit, visiter;” from “to survive, surviver,” &c.

In the following instances, and in many others, it is difficult to determine whether the verb was deduced from the noun, or the noun from the verb, viz.  “Love, to love; hate, to hate; fear, to fear; sleep, to sleep; walk, to walk; ride, to ride; act, to act,” &c.

2.  Verbs are derived from nouns, adjectives, and sometimes from adverbs; as, from the noun salt, comes “to salt;” from the adjective warm, “to warm;” and from the adverb forward, “to forward.”  Sometimes they are formed by lengthening the vowel, or softening the consonant; as, from “grass, to graze;” sometimes by adding en; as, from “length, to lengthen;” especially to adjectives; as, from “short, to shorten; bright, to brighten.”

3.  Adjectives are derived from nouns in the following manner:  adjectives denoting plenty are derived from nouns by adding y; as, from “Health, healthy; wealth, wealthy; might, mighty,” &c.

Adjectives denoting the matter out of which any thing is made, are derived from nouns by adding en; as, from “Oak, oaken; wood, wooden; wool, woollen,” &c.

Adjectives denoting abundance are derived from nouns by adding ful; as, from “Joy, joyful; sin, sinful; fruit, fruitful,” &c.

Adjectives denoting plenty, but with some kind of diminution, are derived from nouns by adding some; as, from “Light, lightsome; trouble, troublesome; toil, toilsome,” &c.

Adjectives denoting want are derived from nouns by adding less; as, from “Worth, worthless;” from “care, careless; joy, joyless,” &c.

Adjectives denoting likeness are derived from nouns by adding ly; as, from “Man, manly; earth, earthly; court, courtly,” &c.