with the real beings who surround us. And to
this let us add that there are natures in which all
deep emotion is so entirely associated with the ideal,
that real and particular manifestations of it are repugnant
to them as something alien; and this without the least
insincerity, though with a vicious and disheartening
inconsistency. Rousseau belonged to this class,
and loved man most when he saw men least. Bad
as this was, it does not justify us in denouncing
his love of man as artificial; it was one side of
an ideal exaltation, which stirred the depths of his
spirit with a force as genuine as that which is kindled
in natures of another type by sympathy with the real
and concrete, with the daily walk and conversation
and actual doings and sufferings of the men and women
whom we know. The fermentation which followed
his arrival at the Hermitage, in its first form produced
a number of literary schemes. The idea of the
Political Institutions, first conceived at Venice,
pressed upon his meditations. He had been earnestly
requested to compose a treatise on education.
Besides this, his thoughts wandered confusedly round
the notion of a treatise to be called Sensitive Morality,
or the Materialism of the Sage, the object of which
was to examine the influence of external agencies,
such as light, darkness, sound, seasons, food, noise,
silence, motion, rest, on our corporeal machine, and
thus indirectly upon the soul also. By knowing
these and acquiring the art of modifying them according
to our individual needs, we should become surer of
ourselves and fix a deeper constancy in our lives.
An external system of treatment would thus be established,
which would place and keep the soul in the condition
most favourable to virtue.[258] Though the treatise
was never completed, and the sketch never saw the light,
we perceive at least that Rousseau would have made
the means of access to character wide enough, and
the material influences that impress it and produce
its caprices, multitudinous enough, instead of limiting
them with the medical specialist to one or two organs,
and one or two of the conditions that affect them.
Nor, on the other hand, do the words in which he sketches
his project in the least justify the attribution to
him of the doctrine of the absolute power of the physical
constitution over the moral habits, whether that doctrine
would be a credit or a discredit to his philosophical
thoroughness of perception. No one denies the
influence of external conditions on the moral habits,
and Rousseau says no more than that he proposed to
consider the extent and the modifiableness of this
influence. It was not then deemed essential for
a spiritualist thinker to ignore physical organisation.