Throat is neuter, of the same class and number as the word neckcloth; it is the object of the preposition by, hence it is objective case.

NOTE.—­The preposition sometimes takes the possessive case (see Sec. 68).

Morning is like throat and neckcloth as to class, gender, and number; as to case, it expresses time, has no governing word, but is the adverbial objective.

Exercise.

Follow the model above in parsing all the nouns in the following sentences:—­

1.  To raise a monument to departed worth is to perpetuate virtue.

2.  The greatest pleasure I know is to do a good action by stealth, and to have it found out by accident.

3.  An old cloak makes a new jerkin; a withered serving man, a fresh tapster.

4.  That in the captain’s but a choleric word,
     Which in the soldier is flat blasphemy.

5.  Now, blessings light on him that first invented ... sleep!

6.  Necker, financial minister to Louis XVI., and his daughter, Madame de Stael, were natives of Geneva.

7.  He giveth his beloved sleep.

8.  Time makes the worst enemies friends.

9.  A few miles from this point, where the Rhone enters the lake, stands the famous Castle of Chillon, connected with the shore by a drawbridge,—­palace, castle, and prison, all in one.

10.  Wretches! ye loved her for her wealth,
     And hated her for her pride.

11.  Mrs. Jarley’s back being towards him, the military gentleman shook his forefinger.

PRONOUNS.

[Sidenote:  The need of pronouns.]

72.  When we wish to speak of a name several times in succession, it is clumsy and tiresome to repeat the noun.  For instance, instead of saying, “The pupil will succeed in the pupil’s efforts if the pupil is ambitious,” we improve the sentence by shortening it thus, “The pupil will succeed in his efforts if he is ambitious.”

Again, if we wish to know about the ownership of a house, we evidently cannot state the owner’s name, but by a question we say, “Whose house is that?” thus placing a word instead of the name till we learn the name.

This is not to be understood as implying that pronouns were invented because nouns were tiresome, since history shows that pronouns are as old as nouns and verbs.  The use of pronouns must have sprung up naturally, from a necessity for short, definite, and representative words.

[Sidenote:  Definition.]

A pronoun is a reference word, standing for a name, or for a person or thing, or for a group of persons or things.

[Sidenote:  Classes of pronouns.]

73.  Pronouns may be grouped in five classes:—­

(1) Personal pronouns, which distinguish person by their form (Sec. 76).