Others have been adopted, and by long use have altered their power so as to conform to English words.  They are then said to be naturalized, or Anglicized, or Englished.

[Sidenote:  Domesticated words.]

The domesticated words may retain the original plural.  Some of them have a secondary English plural in _-s_ or _-es_.

Exercise.

Find in the dictionary the plurals of these words:—­

I. FROM THE LATIN.

apparatus appendix axis datum erratum focus formula genus larva medium memorandum nebula radius series species stratum terminus vertex

II.  FROM THE GREEK.

analysis antithesis automaton basis crisis ellipsis hypothesis parenthesis phenomenon thesis

[Sidenote:  Anglicized words.]

When the foreign words are fully naturalized, they form their plurals in the regular way; as,—­

bandits cherubs dogmas encomiums enigmas focuses formulas geniuses herbariums indexes seraphs apexes

[Sidenote:  Usage varies in plurals of letters, figures, etc.]

54.  Letters, figures, etc., form their plurals by adding _-s_ or ’s.  Words quoted merely as words, without reference to their meaning, also add _-s_ or ’s; as, “His 9’s (or 9s) look like 7’s (or 7s),” “Avoid using too many and’s (or ands),” “Change the _+’s_ (or _+s_) to _-’s_ (or _-s_).”

CASE.

[Sidenote:  Definition.]

55.  Case is an inflection or use of a noun (or pronoun) to show its relation to other words in the sentence.

In the sentence, “He sleeps in a felon’s cell,” the word felon’s modifies cell, and expresses a relation akin to possession; cell has another relation, helping to express the idea of place with the word in.

56.  In the general wearing-away of inflections, the number of case forms has been greatly reduced.

[Sidenote:  Only two case forms.]

There are now only two case forms of English nouns,—­one for the nominative and objective, one for the possessive:  consequently the matter of inflection is a very easy thing to handle in learning about cases.

[Sidenote:  Reasons for speaking of three cases of nouns.]

But there are reasons why grammars treat of three cases of nouns when there are only two forms:—­

(1) Because the relations of all words, whether inflected or not, must be understood for purposes of analysis.

(2) Because pronouns still have three case forms as well as three case relations.

57.  Nouns, then, may be said to have three cases,—­the nominative, the objective, and the possessive.

I. Uses of the Nominative.