SYNTAX.

INTRODUCTORY.

[Sidenote:  By way of introduction.]

388.  Syntax is from a Greek word meaning order or arrangement.

Syntax deals with the relation of words to each other as component parts of a sentence, and with their proper arrangement to express clearly the intended meaning.

[Sidenote:  Ground covered by syntax.]

380.  Following the Latin method, writers on English grammar usually divide syntax into the two general heads,—­agreement and government.

Agreement is concerned with the following relations of words:  words in apposition, verb and subject, pronoun and antecedent, adjective and noun.

Government has to do with verbs and prepositions, both of which are said to govern words by having them in the objective case.

390.  Considering the scarcity of inflections in English, it is clear that if we merely follow the Latin treatment, the department of syntax will be a small affair.  But there is a good deal else to watch in addition to the few forms; for there is an important and marked difference between Latin and English syntax.  It is this:—­

Latin syntax depends upon fixed rules governing the use of inflected forms:  hence the position of words in a sentence is of little grammatical importance.

[Sidenote:  Essential point in English syntax.]

English syntax follows the Latin to a limited extent; but its leading characteristic is, that English syntax is founded upon the meaning and the logical connection of words rather than upon their form:  consequently it is quite as necessary to place words properly, and to think clearly of the meaning of words, as to study inflected forms.

For example, the sentence, “The savage here the settler slew,” is ambiguous. Savage may be the subject, following the regular order of subject; or settler may be the subject, the order being inverted.  In Latin, distinct forms would be used, and it would not matter which one stood first.

[Sidenote:  Why study syntax?]

391.  There is, then, a double reason for not omitting syntax as a department of grammar,—­

First, To study the rules regarding the use of inflected forms, some of which conform to classical grammar, while some are idiomatic (peculiar to our own language).

Second, To find out the logical methods which control us in the arrangement of words; and particularly when the grammatical and the logical conception of a sentence do not agree, or when they exist side by side in good usage.

As an illustration of the last remark, take the sentence, “Besides these famous books of Scott’s and Johnson’s, there is a copious ‘Life’ by Sheridan.”  In this there is a possessive form, and added to it the preposition of, also expressing a possessive relation.  This is not logical; it is not consistent with the general rules of grammar:  but none the less it is good English.