(2) Completing an incomplete transitive verb, but also belonging to a subject or an object (see Sec. 344 for explanation of the complements of transitive verbs):  “I am constrained every moment to acknowledge a higher origin for events” (retained with passive); “Do they not cause the heart to beat, and the eyes to fill?”

359.  II.  The substantive use, already examined; but see the following examples for further illustration:—­

(1) As the subject:  “To have the wall there, was to have the foe’s life at their mercy;” “To teach is to learn.”

(2) As the object:  “I like to hear them tell their old stories;” “I don’t wish to detract from any gentleman’s reputation.”

(3) As complement: See examples under (1), above.

(4) In apposition, explanatory of a noun preceding:  as, “She forwarded to the English leaders a touching invitation to unite with the French;” “He insisted on his right to forget her.”

360.  III.  The adjectival use, modifying a noun that may be a subject, object, complement, etc.:  for example, “But there was no time to be lost;” “And now Amyas had time to ask Ayacanora the meaning of this;” “I have such a desire to be well with my public” (see also Sec. 351, 5).

361.  IV.  The adverbial use, which may be to express—­

(1) Purpose: “The governor, Don Guzman, sailed to the eastward only yesterday to look for you;” “Isn’t it enough to bring us to death, to please that poor young gentleman’s fancy?”

(2) Result: “Don Guzman returns to the river mouth to find the ship a blackened wreck;” “What heart could be so hard as not to take pity on the poor wild thing?”

(3) Reason: “I am quite sorry to part with them;” “Are you mad, to betray yourself by your own cries?” “Marry, hang the idiot, to bring me such stuff!”

(4) Degree: “We have won gold enough to serve us the rest of our lives;” “But the poor lady was too sad to talk except to the boys now and again.”

(5) Condition: “You would fancy, to hear McOrator after dinner, the Scotch fighting all the battles;” “To say what good of fashion we can, it rests on reality” (the last is not a simple sentence, but it furnishes a good example of this use of the infinitive).

362.  The fact that the infinitives in Sec. 361 are used adverbially, is evident from the meaning of the sentences.

Whether each sentence containing an adverbial infinitive has the meaning of purpose, result, etc., may be found out by turning the infinitive into an equivalent clause, such as those studied under subordinate conjunctions.

To test this, notice the following:—­

In (1), to look means that he might look; to please is equivalent to that he may please,—­both purpose clauses.