(1) Person or thing addressed:  “But you know them, Bishop;” “Ye crags and peaks, I’m with you once again.”

(2) Exclamatory expressions:  “But the lady—!  Oh, heavens! will that spectacle ever depart from my dreams?”

[Sidenote:  Caution.]

The exclamatory expression, however, may be the person or thing addressed, same as (1), above:  thus, “Ah, young sir! what are you about?” Or it may be an imperative, forming a sentence:  “Oh, hurry, hurry, my brave young man!”

(3) Infinitive phrase thrown in loosely:  “To make a long story short, the company broke up;” “Truth to say, he was a conscientious man.”

(4) Prepositional phrase not modifying:  “Within the railing sat, to the best of my remembrance, six quill-driving gentlemen;” “At all events, the great man of the prophecy had not yet appeared.”

(5) Participial phrase: “But, generally speaking, he closed his literary toils at dinner;” “Considering the burnish of her French tastes, her noticing even this is creditable.”

(6) Single words:  as, “Oh, yes! everybody knew them;” “No, let him perish;” “Well, he somehow lived along;” “Why, grandma, how you’re winking!” “Now, this story runs thus.”

[Sidenote:  Another caution.]

There are some adverbs, such as perhaps, truly, really, undoubtedly, besides, etc., and some conjunctions, such as however, then, moreover, therefore, nevertheless, etc., that have an office in the sentence, and should not be confused with the words spoken of above.  The words well, now, why, and so on, are independent when they merely arrest the attention without being necessary.

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES.

356.  In their use, prepositional phrases may be,

(1) Adjectival, modifying a noun, pronoun, or word used as a noun:  for example, “He took the road to King Richard’s pavilion;” “I bring reports on that subject from Ascalon.”

(2) Adverbial, limiting in the same way an adverb limits:  as, “All nature around him slept in calm moonshine or in deep shadow;” “Far from the madding crowd’s ignoble strife.”

(3) Independent, not dependent on any word in the sentence (for examples, see Sec. 355, 4).

PARTICIPLES AND PARTICIPIAL PHRASES.

357.  It will be helpful to sum up here the results of our study of participles and participial phrases, and to set down all the uses which are of importance in analysis:—­

(1) The adjectival use, already noticed, as follows:—­