(5) Adjective used as a noun:  “For seventy leagues through the mighty cathedral, I saw the quick and the dead.”

Things used as Complement.

[Sidenote:  Complement:  Of an intransitive verb.]

350.  As complement of an intransitive verb,—­

(1) Noun:  “She had been an ardent patriot.”

(2) Pronoun:  “Who is she in bloody coronation robes from Rheims?” “This is she, the shepherd girl.”

(3) Adjective:  “Innocence is ever simple and credulous.”

(4) Infinitive:  “To enumerate and analyze these relations is to teach the science of method.”

(5) Gerund:  “Life is a pitching of this penny,—­heads or tails;” “Serving others is serving us.”

(6) A prepositional phrase:  “His frame is on a larger scale;” “The marks were of a kind not to be mistaken.”

It will be noticed that all these complements have a double office,—­completing the predicate, and explaining or modifying the subject.

[Sidenote:  Of a transitive verb.]

As complement of a transitive verb,—­

(1) Noun:  “I will not call you cowards.”

(2) Adjective:  “Manners make beauty superfluous and ugly;” “Their tempers, doubtless, are rendered pliant and malleable in the fiery furnace of domestic tribulation.”  In this last sentence, the object is made the subject by being passive, and the words italicized are still complements.  Like all the complements in this list, they are adjuncts of the object, and, at the same time, complements of the predicate.

(3) Infinitive, or infinitive phrase:  “That cry which made me look a thousand ways;” “I hear the echoes throng.”

(4) Participle, or participial phrase:  “I can imagine him pushing firmly on, trusting the hearts of his countrymen.”

(5) Prepositional phrase: “My antagonist would render my poniard and my speed of no use to me.”

Modifiers.

I. Modifiers of Subject, Object, or Complement.

351.  Since the subject and object are either nouns or some equivalent of a noun, the words modifying them must be adjectives or some equivalent of an adjective; and whenever the complement is a noun, or the equivalent of the noun, it is modified by the same words and word groups that modify the subject and the object.

These modifiers are as follows:—­

(1) A possessive:  “My memory assures me of this;” “She asked her father’s permission.”

(2) A word in apposition:  “Theodore Wieland, the prisoner at the bar, was now called upon for his defense;” “Him, this young idolater, I have seasoned for thee.”