(1) The general meaning of place.

     Richard was standing by the window.—­ALDRICH.

     Provided always the coach had not shed a wheel by the
     roadside.—­Id.

(2) Time.

     But by this time the bell of Old Alloway began tolling.—­B. 
     TAYLOR

     The angel came by night.—­R.H.  STODDARD.

(3) Agency or means.

     Menippus knew which were the kings by their howling
     louder.—­M.D.  CONWAY.

     At St. Helena, the first port made by the ship, he stopped. 
     —­PARTON.

(4) Measure of excess, expressing the degree of difference.

     At that time [the earth] was richer, by many a million of
     acres.—­DE QUINCEY.

     He was taller by almost the breadth of my nail.—­SWIFT.

(5) It is also used in oaths and adjurations.

     By my faith, that is a very plump hand for a man of
     eighty-four!—­PARTON.

     They implore us by the long trials of struggling humanity; by
     the blessed memory of the departed; by the wrecks of time; by
     the ruins of nations.—­EVERETT.

Exercise.—­Find sentences with three different meanings of by.

For.

321.  The chief meanings of for are as follows:—­

(1) Motion towards a place, or a tendency or action toward the attainment of any object.

     Pioneers who were opening the way for the march of the
     nation.—­COOPER.

     She saw the boat headed for her.—­WARNER.

(2) In favor of, for the benefit of, in behalf of, a person or thing.

     He and they were for immediate attack.—­PARKMAN

     The people were then against us; they are now for us.—­W.L. 
     GARRISON.

(3) Duration of time, or extent of space.

     For a long time the disreputable element outshone the
     virtuous.—­H.H.  BANCROFT.

     He could overlook all the country for many a mile of rich
     woodland.—­IRVING.

(4) Substitution or exchange.

     There are gains for all our losses.—­STODDARD.

     Thus did the Spaniards make bloody atonement for the butchery
     of Fort Caroline.—­PARKMAN.

(5) Reference, meaning with regard to, as to, respecting, etc.

     For the rest, the Colonna motto would fit you best.—­EMERSON.

     For him, poor fellow, he repented of his folly.—­E.E.  HALE

This is very common with as—­as for me, etc.

(6) Like as, meaning in the character of, as being, etc.