no good to them.  Our popular Government has often been called an experiment.  Two points in it our people have already settled—­the successful establishing and the successful administering of it.  One still remains—­its successful maintenance against a formidable internal attempt to overthrow it.  It is now for them to demonstrate to the world that those who can fairly carry an election can also suppress a rebellion; that ballots are the rightful and peaceful successors of bullets; and that when ballots have fairly and constitutionally decided, there can be no successful appeal back to bullets; that there can be no successful appeal, except to ballots themselves, at succeeding elections.  Such will be a great lesson of peace:  teaching men that what they cannot take by an election, neither can they take by a war; teaching all the folly of being the beginners of a war.

Through the early summer of 1861 Washington was alive with preparations for a military movement against the enemy in Virginia.  Troops from the North were constantly arriving, and as rapidly as possible were assigned to different organizations and drilled in the art of war.  “Few comparatively know or can appreciate the actual condition of things and the state of feeling of the members of the Administration in those days,” says Secretary Welles.  “Nearly sixty years of peace had unfitted us for any war; but the most terrible of all wars, a civil war, was upon us, and it had to be met.  Congress had adjourned without making any provision for the storm, though aware it was at hand and soon to burst upon the country.  A new Administration, its members scarcely acquainted with each other, and differing essentially in the past, was compelled to act, promptly and decisively.”  The burden upon the President began to grow tremendous; but he did not shrink or falter.

    Upon his back a more than Atlas-load,
      The burden of the Commonwealth, was laid;
    He stooped, and rose up to it, though the road
      Shot suddenly downwards, not a whit dismayed.

He labored incessantly in urging forward the preparations for the great struggle which, however he might regret it, he now saw was inevitable.  He was in daily conference with the officers of the army and of the War Department, and was present at innumerable reviews and parades of the soldiers.  The 4th of July was memorable for a grand review of all the New York troops in and about the city.  It was a brilliant and impressive scene.  Says a spectator, Hon. A.G.  Riddle:  “As they swept past—­twenty-five thousand boys in blue—­their muskets flashing, bands playing, and banners waving, I stood near a distinguished group surrounding the President, and noted his countenance as he turned to the massive moving column.  All about him were excited, confident, exultant.  He stood silent, pale, profoundly sad, as though his prophetic soul saw what was to follow.  He seemed to be gazing beyond the splendid pageant before him, upon things hidden from other eyes.  Was there presaged to him a vision of that grander review of our victorious armies at the close of the war, which he was not to see?”