HOW TO STUDY FORGED AND DISPUTED SIGNATURES

All Titles Depend Upon the Genuineness of Signatures—­Comparing Genuine with Disputed Signatures—­A Word about Fac-simile Signatures—­Process of Evolving a Signature—­Evidence of Experience in Handling or Mishandling a Pen—­Signature Most Difficult to Read—­Simulation of Signature by Expert Penman—­Hard to Imitate an Untrained Hand—­A Well-Known Banker Presents Some Valuable Points—­Perfectly Imitated Writings and Signatures—­Bunglingly Executed Forgeries—­The Application of Chemical Tests—­Rules of Courts on Disputed Signatures—­Forgers Giving Appearance of Age to Paper and Ink—­Proving the Falsity of Testimony—­Determining the Genuineness or Falsity by Anatomy or Skeleton—­Making a Magnified Copy of a Signature—­Effectiveness of the Photograph Process—­Deception the Eye Will Not Detect—­When Pen Strokes Cross Each Other—­Experimenting With Crossed Lines—­Signatures Written With Different Inks—­Deciding Order of Sequence in Writing—­An Important and Interesting Subject for Bankers—­Determining the Genuineness of a Written Document—­Ingenuity of Rogues Constantly Takes New Forms—­A Systematic Analysis Will Detect Disputed Signatures

CHAPTER II

FORGERY BY TRACING

Forgeries Perpetrated by the Aid of Tracing a Common and Dangerous Method—­Using Transparent Tracing Paper—­How the Movements are Directed—­Formal, Broken and Nervous Lines—­Retouched Lines and Shades—­Tracing Usually Presents a Close Resemblance to the Genuine—­Traced Forgeries Not Exact Duplicates of Their Originals—­The Danger of an Exact Duplication—­Forgers Usually Unable to Exactly Reproduce Tracing—­Using Pencil or Carbon-Guided Lines—­Retouching Revealed under the Microscope—­Tracing with Pen and Ink Over a Transparency—­Making a Practice and Study of Signatures—­Forgeries and Tracings Made by Skillful Imitators Most Difficult of Detection—­Free-Hand Forgery and Tracing—­A Few Important Matters to Observe in Detecting Forgery by Tracing—­Photographs a Great Aid in Detecting Tracing—­How to Compare Imitated and Traced Writing—­Furrows Traced by Pen Nibs—­Tracing Made by an Untrained Hand—­Tracing with Pen and Ink Over a Transparency—­Internal Evidence of Forgery by Tracing—­Forgeries Made by Skillful Imitators—­How to Determine Evidences of Forgery by Tracing—­Remains of Tracings—­Examining Paper in Transmitted Light—­Freely Written Tracings—­A Dangerous Method of Forgery

CHAPTER III

HOW FORGERS REPRODUCE SIGNATURES