work, the chances are that you would confound him.  He might not be able to express the use of it in intelligible terms.  He might not be able to assure you that it will put a dollar into the pocket of any human being present or to come.  That scientific discovery may put not only dollars into the pockets of individuals, but millions into the exchequers of nations, the history of science amply proves; but the hope of its doing so never was, and it never can be, the motive power of the investigator.

I know that some risk is run in speaking thus before practical men.  I know what De Tocqueville says of you.  ‘The man of the North,’ he says, ’has not only experience, but knowledge.  He, however, does not care for science as a pleasure, and only embraces it with avidity when it leads to useful applications.’  But what, I would ask, are the hopes of useful applications which have caused you so many times to fill this place, in spite of snow-drifts and biting cold?  What, I may ask, is the origin of that kindness which drew me from my work in London to address you here, and which, if I permitted it, would send me home a millionaire?  Not because I had taught you to make a single cent by science am I here to-night, but because I tried to the best of my ability to present science to the world as an intellectual good.  Surely no two terms were ever so distorted and misapplied with reference to man, in his higher relations, as these terms useful and practical.  Let us expand our definitions until they embrace all the needs of man, his highest intellectual needs inclusive.  It is specially on this ground of its administering to the higher needs of the intellect; it is mainly because I believe it to be wholesome, not only as a source of knowledge but as a means of discipline, that I urge the claims of science upon your attention.

But with reference to material needs and joys, surely pure science has also a word to say.  People sometimes speak as if steam had not been studied before James Watt, or electricity before Wheatstone and Morse; whereas, in point of fact, Watt and Wheatstone and Morse, with all their practicality, were the mere outcome of antecedent forces, which acted without reference to practical ends.  This also, I think, merits a moment’s attention.  You are delighted, and with good reason, with your electric telegraphs, proud of your steam-engines and your factories, and charmed with the productions of photography.  You see daily, with just elation, the creation of new forms of industry—­new powers of adding to the wealth and comfort of society.  Industrial England is heaving with forces tending to this end; and the pulse of industry beats still stronger in the United States.  And yet, when analyzed, what are industrial America and industrial England?