Here was Durham’s, for instance, owned by a man who was trying to make as much money out of it as he could, and did not care in the least how he did it; and underneath him, ranged in ranks and grades like an army, were managers and superintendents and foremen, each one driving the man next below him and trying to squeeze out of him as much work as possible.  And all the men of the same rank were pitted against each other; the accounts of each were kept separately, and every man lived in terror of losing his job, if another made a better record than he.  So from top to bottom the place was simply a seething caldron of jealousies and hatreds; there was no loyalty or decency anywhere about it, there was no place in it where a man counted for anything against a dollar.  And worse than there being no decency, there was not even any honesty.  The reason for that?  Who could say?  It must have been old Durham in the beginning; it was a heritage which the self-made merchant had left to his son, along with his millions.

Jurgis would find out these things for himself, if he stayed there long enough; it was the men who had to do all the dirty jobs, and so there was no deceiving them; and they caught the spirit of the place, and did like all the rest.  Jurgis had come there, and thought he was going to make himself useful, and rise and become a skilled man; but he would soon find out his error—­for nobody rose in Packingtown by doing good work.  You could lay that down for a rule—­if you met a man who was rising in Packingtown, you met a knave.  That man who had been sent to Jurgis’ father by the boss, he would rise; the man who told tales and spied upon his fellows would rise; but the man who minded his own business and did his work—­why, they would “speed him up” till they had worn him out, and then they would throw him into the gutter.

Jurgis went home with his head buzzing.  Yet he could not bring himself to believe such things—­no, it could not be so.  Tamoszius was simply another of the grumblers.  He was a man who spent all his time fiddling; and he would go to parties at night and not get home till sunrise, and so of course he did not feel like work.  Then, too, he was a puny little chap; and so he had been left behind in the race, and that was why he was sore.  And yet so many strange things kept coming to Jurgis’ notice every day!

He tried to persuade his father to have nothing to do with the offer.  But old Antanas had begged until he was worn out, and all his courage was gone; he wanted a job, any sort of a job.  So the next day he went and found the man who had spoken to him, and promised to bring him a third of all he earned; and that same day he was put to work in Durham’s cellars.  It was a “pickle room,” where there was never a dry spot to stand upon, and so he had to take nearly the whole of his first week’s earnings to buy him a pair of heavy-soled boots.  He was a “squeedgie” man; his job was to go about all day with a long-handled mop, swabbing up the floor.  Except that it was damp and dark, it was not an unpleasant job, in summer.