Poles, Slovaks, or Bohemians.  Some of these places were kept by private persons, some were cooperative.  There would be an average of half a dozen boarders to each room—­sometimes there were thirteen or fourteen to one room, fifty or sixty to a flat.  Each one of the occupants furnished his own accommodations—­that is, a mattress and some bedding.  The mattresses would be spread upon the floor in rows—­and there would be nothing else in the place except a stove.  It was by no means unusual for two men to own the same mattress in common, one working by day and using it by night, and the other working at night and using it in the daytime.  Very frequently a lodging house keeper would rent the same beds to double shifts of men.

Mrs. Jukniene was a wizened-up little woman, with a wrinkled face.  Her home was unthinkably filthy; you could not enter by the front door at all, owing to the mattresses, and when you tried to go up the backstairs you found that she had walled up most of the porch with old boards to make a place to keep her chickens.  It was a standing jest of the boarders that Aniele cleaned house by letting the chickens loose in the rooms.  Undoubtedly this did keep down the vermin, but it seemed probable, in view of all the circumstances, that the old lady regarded it rather as feeding the chickens than as cleaning the rooms.  The truth was that she had definitely given up the idea of cleaning anything, under pressure of an attack of rheumatism, which had kept her doubled up in one corner of her room for over a week; during which time eleven of her boarders, heavily in her debt, had concluded to try their chances of employment in Kansas City.  This was July, and the fields were green.  One never saw the fields, nor any green thing whatever, in Packingtown; but one could go out on the road and “hobo it,” as the men phrased it, and see the country, and have a long rest, and an easy time riding on the freight cars.

Such was the home to which the new arrivals were welcomed.  There was nothing better to be had—­they might not do so well by looking further, for Mrs. Jukniene had at least kept one room for herself and her three little children, and now offered to share this with the women and the girls of the party.  They could get bedding at a secondhand store, she explained; and they would not need any, while the weather was so hot—­doubtless they would all sleep on the sidewalk such nights as this, as did nearly all of her guests.  “Tomorrow,” Jurgis said, when they were left alone, “tomorrow I will get a job, and perhaps Jonas will get one also; and then we can get a place of our own.”