of the great nations which surround us.  We have to show you neither a standing army nor the splendors of a fleet.  You come into the midst of a people that owes to liberty and to labor the place that it has made for itself in Europe, and it is in the name of this free people that the Federal Council offers you hospitality.”  The severe simplicity of this address is the more tasteful since its strength and manliness do not rob it of a tithe of its courtesy, which last quality becomes indeed all the more striking from the absence of that Oriental profusion of epithets and compliments which the shah had received at every previous step in his European travels.

LITERATURE OF THE DAY.

The Intellectual Life.  By Philip Gilbert Hamerton.  Boston:  Roberts Brothers.

A man of fair culture and a frequenter of cultured society pleads in these pages the attractions of an intellectual bias or life-training:  he pleads to all accessible classes—­to the curate and to the nobleman, “to a country gentleman who regretted that his son had the tendencies of a dilettante,” “to a lady of high culture who found it difficult to associate with persons of her own sex,” and so on.  Over seventy different addresses are included, each in the form of a letter, which, though not necessarily ever posted, is really aimed at a specific person known to the author and distinctively spoken to.  The effort is to reconcile culture with the world of practice and morals, and answer or forestall the objections of religion or utilitarianism.  Mr. Hamerton talks with great self-possession to the highest class within ear-shot, and matches a late stricture of Mr. Ruskin’s—­that English noblemen exist to shoot little birds—­with another on the influence of railways in sending back the upper ranks to a state of nomadic barbarism.  “Their life,” he says, “may be quite accurately described as a return, on a scale of unprecedented splendor and comfort, to the life of tribes in that stage of human development which is known as the period of the chase:  they migrate from one hunting-ground to another as the diminution of the game impels them.”  He points out a curious reaction in the spirit of this class:  formerly they loved to lard their speech with Latin and Greek to keep the ignorant in their places; but now, that cheap education has endowed the tradesman with Latin and Greek, there is a tendency to feel toward intellectual culture much as the barons did away back in the Dark Ages, and to outdazzle by mere show of costly pleasure the class they can no longer excel in learned polish.  After all, the great question in recommending culture is the question of its effect on morals:  if the effect of poetry and art is weakening to the moral sense, as many have claimed from Socrates to Augustine, then letters have no ethical reason for existence.  Our author, who has a habit of continually turning his tapestry to see the aspect of the other side, is very sensible