or small districts, and the countless names of towns bequeathed by them to their conquerors.  These names are often recognizable by the terminations in and itz.  The most conspicuous factor in this labor of colonization was the Teutonic order of chivalry, transferred to the Baltic from Palestine.  Koenigsberg, Dantzic, Memel, Thorn and Revel were the centres or the advanced posts of the movement.  At the end of the reign of the grand master Winrich von Kniprode (1382) the Germanization of the region between the Elbe and the Niemen—­the Polish province of Posen perhaps excepted—­may be regarded, for all practical purposes, as finished.  The acquisition of Brandenburg by the Hohenzollerns only solidified the conquest and guaranteed its future.  It is safe to assume that even a large share, perhaps the greater share, of Poland itself would have been overrun in like manner but for the Hussite wars and the Thirty Years’ war.  The unfortunate Peace of Thorn (1466), whereby the lands of the Teutonic order and of the Brethren of the Sword became—­in name at least—­fiefs of the Polish crown, was due to internal dissensions among the German colonists and also to the distractions in Bohemia.

This apparent digression was necessary to a right understanding of the character of Berlin and its neighborhood in comparison with Vienna.  Berlin was at the start a frontier post, but, unlike Vienna, it soon ceased to be one.  Colonization and conquest left it far to the rear as an unimportant and thoroughly German town.  The border-land of language and race was advanced from the Spree to the Niemen and Vistula.  The language of these north-eastern districts is worthy of note.  The knights of the Teutonic order were chiefly from South Germany, the inferior colonists from Low Germany of the Elbe, Weser and Rhine.  Hence the necessity for a lingua communis, a mode of expression that should adapt itself to the needs of a mixed population.  The dialect which proved itself most available was one which stood midway between High (South) and Low (North) German, and which itself might almost be called a linguistic compromise—­namely, the Thuringian, and more especially in its Meissen form.  This “Middle German,"[1] as it was styled, became the official language of Prussia, Silesia and the Baltic provinces.  All very marked dialectic peculiarities were discarded one by one, until the residuum became a very homogeneous, uniform and correct mode of conventional speech.  It will not surprise us, then, to perceive that the Curlanders, Livonians and Prussians (of the duchies) speak at the present day a more elegant German than the Berlinese, whose vernacular is strongly tinged with Plattdeutsch forms from the lower Elbe.  A similar phenomenon is to be observed in our own country.  We Americans, taken as a nation, speak a more correct English—­i.e., an English freer from dialectic peculiarities—­than the English themselves.  We have but one conventional form of expression from Maine to California, and whatever lies outside of this may be bad grammar or slang, but is certainly not dialect.