[Footnote 34:  The formal difference or distinction betwixt these two powers, is fully and clearly asserted by that learned bishop, Usher, in these words:  “God, for the better settling of piety and honesty among men, and the repressing of profaneness and other vices, hath established two distinct powers upon earth:  the one of the keys, committed to the Church; the other of the sword, committed to the civil magistrate.  That of the keys, is ordained to work upon the inward man; having immediate relation to the remitting or retaining of sins, John xx. 23.  That of the sword is appointed to work upon the outward man; yielding protection to the obedient, and inflicting external punishment upon the rebellious and disobedient.  By the former, the spiritual officers of the Church of Christ are inclinable to govern well, 1 Tim. v. 17.  To speak, and exhort, and rebuke with all authority, Tit. ii. 15.  To loose such as are penitent, Matt. xvi. 19, and xviii. 18.  To commit others to the Lord’s prison, until their amendment, or to bind them over to the judgment of the great day, if they shall persist in their wilfulness and obstinacy.  By the other, princes have an imperious power assigned by God unto them, for the defence of such as do well, and executing revenge and wrath, Rom. xiii. 4, upon such as do evil, whether by death, or banishment, or confiscation of goods, or imprisonment, Ezra vii. 26, according to the quality of the offence.

“When St. Peter, that had the keys committed unto him, made bold to draw the sword, he was commanded to put it up, Matt. xxvi. 52, as a weapon that he had no authority to meddle withal.  And on the other side, when Uzziah the king would venture upon the execution of the priest’s office, it was said unto him, ’It pertaineth not unto thee, Uzziah, to burn incense unto the Lord, but to the priests, the sons of Aaron, that are consecrated to burn incense,’ 2 Chron. xxvi. 18.  Let this therefore be our second conclusion:  That the power of the sword, and of the keys, are two distinct ordinances of God; and that the prince hath no more authority to enter upon the execution of any part of the priest’s function, than the priest hath to intrude upon any part of the office of the prince.”  In his speech delivered in the Castle-chamber at Dublin, &c., concerning the oath of supremacy, pages 3, 4, 5.  Further differences betwixt these two powers, see in Gillespie’s Aaron’s Rod, Book 2, Chap. 4.]

[Footnote 35:  See this proposition for substance fully and clearly asserted by that acute and pious author, Mr. P. Bains, in his Diocesan’s Trial, quest. 3, pages 83, 84, conclus. 3.]

[Footnote 36:  See Cotton’s Keys, &c., pp. 31-33, and Mr. Thomas Goodwin, and Mr. Philip Nye, in their epistle prefixed thereunto, do own this book as being for substance their own judgment.]

[Footnote 37:  See that judicious treatise, Vindiciae Clavium, chap.  III.  IV.  V., pp. 33-52.]