war inevitable.  It would not have mattered much to Japan if the Chinese had established themselves in Korea, but the Russians would have constituted a serious menace.  The Russians did not befriend China for nothing; they acquired a lease of Port Arthur and Dalny (now called Dairen), with railway and mining rights in Manchuria.  They built the Chinese Eastern Railway, running right through Manchuria, connecting Port Arthur and Peking with the Siberian Railway and Europe.  Having accomplished all this, they set to work to penetrate Korea.  The Russo-Japanese war would presumably not have taken place but for the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, concluded in 1902.  In British policy, this Alliance has always had a somewhat minor place, while it has been the corner-stone of Japanese foreign policy, except during the Great War, when the Japanese thought that Germany would win.  The Alliance provided that, in the event of either Power being attacked by two Powers at once, the other should come to its assistance.  It was, of course, originally inspired by fear of Russia, and was framed with a view to preventing the Russian Government, in the event of war with Japan or England, from calling upon the help of France.  In 1902 we were hostile to France and Russia, and Japan remained hostile to Russia until after the Treaty of Portsmouth had been supplemented by the Convention of 1907.  The Alliance served its purpose admirably for both parties during the Russo-Japanese war.  It kept France from joining Russia, and thereby enabled Japan to acquire command of the sea.  It enabled Japan to weaken Russia, thus curbing Russian ambitions, and making it possible for us to conclude an Entente with Russia in 1907.  Without this Entente, the Entente concluded with France in 1904 would have been useless, and the alliance which defeated Germany could not have been created.

Without the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, Japan could not have fought Russia alone, but would have had to fight France also.  This was beyond her strength at that time.  Thus the decisive step in Japan’s rise to greatness was due to our support.

The war ended with a qualified victory for Japan.  Russia renounced all interference in Korea, surrendered Port Arthur and Dalny (since called Dairen) to the Japanese, and also the railway as far north as Changchun.  This part of the railway, with a few branch lines, has since then been called the South Manchurian Railway.  From Dairen to Changchun is 437 miles; Changchun is 150 miles south of Harbin.  The Japanese use Dairen as the commercial port for Manchuria, reserving Port Arthur for purely naval purposes.  In regard to Korea, Japan has conformed strictly to Western models.  During the Russo-Japanese war, the Japanese made a treaty guaranteeing the independence and integrity of Korea; in 1910 they annexed Korea; since then they have suppressed Korean nationalists with every imaginable severity.  All this establishes their claim to be fully the equals of the white men.