can be read to 1/100000 of an inch.  Its constants are known, and it may be understood that it would not do to handle it very roughly.  I could dwell here longer on this fascinating subject, but must haste.  I may add that if this spherometer is placed on a plate of glass and exact contact obtained, and then removed, and the hand held over the plate without touching it, the difference in the temperature of the glass and that of the hand would be sufficient to distort the surface enough to be readily recognized by the spherometer when replaced.  Any one desiring to investigate this subject further will find it fully discussed in that splendid series of papers by Dr. Alfred Mayer on the minute measurements of modern science published in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENTS, to which I was indebted years ago for most valuable information, as well as to most encouraging words from Prof.  Thurston, whom you all so well and favorably know.  I now invite your attention to the method for testing the flat surfaces on which Prof.  Rowland rules the beautiful diffraction gratings now so well known over the scientific world, as also other plane surfaces for heliostats, etc., etc.  I am now approaching the border land of what may be called the abstruse in science, in which I humbly acknowledge it would take a vast volume to contain all I don’t know; yet I hope to make plain to you this most beautiful and accurate method, and for fear I may forget to give due credit, I will say that I am indebted to Dr. Hastings for it, with whom it was an original discovery, though he told me he afterward found it had been in use by Steinheil, the celebrated optician of Munich.  The principle was discovered by the immortal Newton, and it shows how much can be made of the ordinary phenomena seen in our every-day life when placed in the hands of the investigator.  We have all seen the beautiful play of colors on the soap bubble, or when the drop of oil spreads over the surface of the water.  Place a lens of long curvature on a piece of plane polished glass, and, looking at it obliquely, a black central spot is seen with rings of various width and color surrounding it.  If the lens is a true curve, and the glass beneath it a true plane, these rings of color will be perfectly concentric and arranged in regular decreasing intervals.  This apparatus is known as Newton’s color glass, because he not only measured the phenomena, but established the laws of the appearances presented.  I will now endeavor to explain the general principle by which this phenomenon is utilized in the testing of plane surfaces.  Suppose that we place on the lower plate, lenses of constantly increasing curvature until that curvature becomes nil, or in other words a true plane.  The rings of color will constantly increase in width as the curvature of the lens increases, until at last one color alone is seen over the whole surface, provided, however, the same angle of observation be maintained, and provided further that the film