fibers, size, coloring matter, and other similar ingredients, it is carried back into the pulp-chest to save these materials, as well as to contribute again to the extra supply of water needed.  For this reason the trough into which it falls from the revolving “wire” is called the “save-all.”  A shaking motion is imparted to the “wire” from the frame upon which rest the rolls that keep it in its never-ending round.  This aids in draining away the water and mats or interlaces the fibers together.  At the end of the “save-all,” where the fibers are to leave the “wire” for the next stage of their journey, suction-boxes are placed, provided with an air-pump to take up the surplus water that has not yet found its way through the meshes.  Between these suction-boxes above the wire is a wire-covered roll which impresses the newly formed sheet; this impression cylinder is called a “dandy roll,” and it is from this that the web receives the markings or impressions that characterize different papers.  All watermarks, patterns, and designs which it is desired to have appear in the paper are put upon this roll and here impressed upon the soft sheet, which is clarified and left transparent at the point of contact.  Thus the impression is permanently fixed in the fiber, so that it can be seen at any time by holding the sheet to the light.  The power of suggestiveness is a quality which is highly esteemed wherever it is found, and which frequently furnishes a standard of judgment.

Judged by such a criterion, the impression cylinder, or “dandy roll,” has an added value, for in all probability its operation suggested the idea of printing from cylinders, as in our present web or perfecting presses.

The matted pulp, now having sufficient body, passes on between two rolls covered with felt which deliver the web of damp paper upon an endless belt of moist felt, while the “wire” passes under and back to continue a fresh supply.  The paper is as yet too fragile to travel alone, and the web felt carries it between two metal rolls called the first press-rolls.  These squeeze out more water, give a greater degree of compactness to the fibers, smooth the upper surface, and finally deliver the web of paper to a second felt apron which carries it under and to the back of the second press-rolls.  In this way the under surface comes to the top, and is in its turn subjected to the smoothing process.  A delicate scraper or blade, the length of the press-rolls, is so placed on each roll that should the endless web from any cause be broken, the blade may operate with sufficient force to prevent the wet paper from clinging to the rolls and winding about them.  From this point the paper travels alone, having become firm and strong enough to sustain its own weight; passing above the second press-rolls, it resumes its onward journey around the drying cylinders, passing over and under and over and under.  The drying cylinders are hollow and heated by steam, their temperature being regulated according to requirements.  These driers, made from iron or steel, are usually from three to four feet in diameter and vary in length according to the width of the machine.  There are from twelve to fifty of these cylinders, their number depending upon the character and weight of the paper to be produced, very heavy sheets requiring many more drying cylinders than sheets of lighter weight.