A little while after this General Howe moved with the greater part of the British army up the East River, and sailing on past the Island of Manhattan, landed on the mainland beyond in Westchester.  In this way the British were in the rear of the Americans, and within a few days the two armies coming together a battle was fought, in which the Americans were defeated.  Washington and his men then retreated into New Jersey.

General Howe next attacked Fort Washington, a high and rocky point on the banks of the Hudson River (on a line with the present 178th Street).  There were 3,000 men here, all the American soldiers who were now on the island, and they held such a high and well-fortified position that they thought themselves quite safe.  They doubtless would have been had not one of their number, William Demont, turned traitor.  He told the British just how many men there were, and just how the fortress should be attacked.  And the British stormed the fort as the traitor directed, and took it, and every one of the soldiers who had not been killed was made prisoner.  This ended the actual fight for liberty in New York.

[Illustration:  View from the Bowling Green in the Revolution, from an Old Print]

But outside of New York the war went bravely on.  Washington in New Jersey kept up the fight, but the winter came on and his army suffered exceedingly.  It had come to be a very small army by this time, for they were poorly fed and ill clothed and seldom had any sort of shelter.  Nevertheless, Washington gained many victories in New Jersey and manoeuvred his little army so well that the whole world, hearing of his achievements, was forced to recognize him as a great general.

New York was the head-quarters of the British army in America, and the residence of its chief officers.  The city was as thoroughly British as it had before been American, and it was as much as life was worth even to hint of an interest in the American cause.

Early in the next year, 1777, those who had the making of the laws for the new State of New York, met in secret, and chose George Clinton as their first Governor.  The other colonies had formed themselves into States, and the new nation grew stronger day by day.

Commissioners were sent to the European courts to ask aid for the United States.  Many young French noblemen, thrilled at the idea of fighting for liberty, came to America as volunteers, and by their knowledge of war gave valuable assistance to the American officers.  The name of the Marquis de Lafayette stands out prominently as the chief of these volunteers.  He was not yet twenty years old, but fitted out a vessel at his own expense and crossed the ocean to offer his services.  He asked to be enlisted as a volunteer and to serve without pay, but he was soon appointed a major-general.