The social position of woman—­Valuation of the individual—­Confucian and Buddhistic teaching in regard to concubinage and polygamy—­Sociological interpretation—­Japan not exceptional—­Actual morality of Old Japan—­Modern growth of immorality—­Note on the “Social Evil”—­No ancient teaching in regard to masculine chastity—­Mr. Hearn’s mistaken contention—­Filial obedience and prostitution—­How could the social order produce two different moral ideals?—­The new Civil Code on marriage—­Divorce—­Statistics—­Modern advance of woman—­Significance of the Imperial Silver Wedding—­The Wedding of the Prince Imperial—­Relation of Buddhism and Confucianism to moral ideals and practice—­The new spirit of Buddhism—­Christian influence on Shinto; Tenri Kyo—­The ancient moralists confined their attention to the rulers—­The Imperial Edict in regard to Moral Education, 258

XXIV.  MORAL PRACTICE

The publicity of Japanese life—­Public bathing—­Personal experience at a hot-spring—­Mr. Hearn on privacy—­Individualism and variation from the moral standard—­Standards advancing—­Revenge—­Modern liberty of travel—­Increase of wealth—­Increasing luxury and vice—­Increase of concubinage—­Native discussions—­Statistics—­Business honesty—­A native paper quoted—­Some experiences with Christians—­Testimony of a Japanese consul—­Difference of gifts to Buddhist and to Christian institutions—­Christian condemnation of Doshisha mismanagement—­Misappropriation of trust funds in the West—­Business honesty and the social order—­Fitness of Christianity to the new social order—­A summary—­Communal virtues—­Individual Vices—­The authority of the moral ideal—­Moral characteristics are not inherent, but social, in nature, 273

XXV.  ARE THE JAPANESE RELIGIOUS?

Prof.  Pfleiderer’s view—­Percival Lowell’s definition of religion—­Japanese appearance of irreligion due to many facts—­Skeptical attitude of Confucius towards the gods—­Ready acceptance of Western agnosticism—­Prof.  Chamberlain’s assertion that the Japanese take their religion lightly—­Statements concerning religion by Messrs. Fukuzawa, Kato, and Ito—­Statements of Japanese irreligion are not to be lightly accepted—­Incompetence of many critics—­We must study all the religious phenomena—­Pilgrimages—­Statistics—­Mr. Lowell’s criticism of “peripatetic picnic parties”—­Is religion necessarily gloomy?—­God and Buddha shelves universal in Japan—­Temples and shrines—­Statistics, 286

XXVI.  SOME RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA

Stoical training conceals religious emotions—­The earnestness of many suppliants—­Buddhistic and Shinto practice of religious ecstasy—­The revolt from Buddhism a religious movement—­Muro Kyu-so quoted—­“Heaven’s Way”—­“God’s omnipresence”—­Pre-Christian teachers of Christian truth—­Interpretation of modern irreligious phenomena—­Japanese apparent lack of reverence—­Not an inherent racial characteristic—­Sketch of Japanese religious history—­Shinto—­Buddhism—­Confucianism—­Christianity—­Roman Catholicism—­Protestantism—­Religious characteristics are social, not essential or racial, 296