the country civilized, although it may assist greatly in the attainment of that result.  Civilization being mental, social, and ethical, can arise only through the growth of the mind and character of the vast multitudes of a nation.  Now has Japan imported only the tools of civilization?  In other words, is her new civilization only external, formal, nominal, unreal?  That she has imported much is true.  Yet that her attainments and progress rest on her social, intellectual, and ethical development will become increasingly clear as we take up our successive chapters.  Under the new environment of the past fifty years, this growth, particularly in intellectual, in industrial, and in political lines, has been exceedingly rapid as compared with the growths of other peoples.

This conception of the rise of New Japan will doubtless approve itself to every educated man who will allow his thought to rest upon the subject.  For all human progress, all organic evolution, proceeds by the progressive modification of the old organs under new conditions.  The modern locomotive did not spring complete from the mind of James Watt; it is the result of thousands of years of human experience and consequent evolution, beginning first perhaps with a rolling log, becoming a rude cart, and being gradually transformed by successive inventions until it has become one of the marvels of the nineteenth century.  It is impossible for those who have attained the view-point of modern science to conceive of discontinuous progress; of continually rising types of being, of thought, or of moral life, in which the higher does not find its ground and root and thus an important part of its explanation, in the lower.  Such is the case not only with reference:  to biological evolution; it is especially true of social evolution.  He who would understand the Japan of to-day cannot rest with the bare statement that her adoption of the tools and materials of Western civilization has given her her present power and place among the nations.  The student with historical insight knows that it is impossible for one nation, off-hand, without preparation, to “adopt the civilization” of another.

The study of the evolution of Japan is one of unusual interest; first, because of the fact that Japan has experienced such unique changes in her environment.  Her history brings into clear light some principles of evolution which the visual development of a people does not make so clear.

In the second place, New Japan is in a state of rapid growth.  She is in a critical period, resembling a youth, just coming to manhood, when all the powers of growth are most vigorous.  The latent qualities of body and mind and heart then burst forth with peculiar force.  In the course of four or five short years the green boy develops into a refined and noble man; the thoughtless girl ripens into the full maturity of womanhood and of motherhood.  These are the years of special interest to those who would observe nature in her time of most critical activity.