exhaustion of the North by an expenditure of life and money on an enterprise in which success and failure would be alike disastrous.  It must tend to the utter devastation of the South.  It would at all events occasion a suspension of Southern cultivation which would be calamitous even more to England than to the Northern States themselves.”

[Footnote 162:  Hansard, 3rd.  Ser., CLXII, p. 1763.]

[Footnote 163:  Ibid., pp. 1830-34.  In the general discussion in the Lords there appeared disagreement as to the status of privateering.  Granville, Derby, and Brougham, spoke of it as piracy.  Earl Hardwicke thought privateering justifiable.  The general tone of the debate, though only on this matter of international practice, was favourable to the North.]

[Footnote 164:  For example see Hertslet, Map of Europe by Treaty, Vol.  I, p. 698, for the Proclamation issued in 1813 during the Spanish-American colonial revolutions.]

[Footnote 165:  Hansard, 3rd.  Ser., CLXII, pp. 2077-2088.]

[Footnote 166:  Parliamentary Papers, 1862, Lords, Vol.  XXV, “Correspondence on Civil War in the United States.”  No. 35.  Russell to Lyons, May 15, 1861.  Another reason for Lyons’ precaution was that while his French colleague, Mercier, had been instructed to support the British Proclamation, no official French Proclamation was issued until June 10, and Lyons, while he trusted Mercier, felt that this French delay needed some explanation.  Mercier told Seward, unofficially, of his instructions and even left a copy of them, but at Seward’s request made no official communication.  Lyons, later, followed the same procedure.  This method of dealing with Seward came to be a not unusual one, though it irritated both the British and French Ministers.]

[Footnote 167:  U.S.  Messages and Documents, 1861-2, p. 85.  Adams to Seward, May 17, 1861.]

[Footnote 168:  Bedford died that day.]

[Footnote 169:  U.S.  Messages and Documents, 1861-2, pp. 90-96.  Adams to Seward, May 21, 1861.]

[Footnote 170:  Bernard, The Neutrality of Great Britain during the American Civil War, p. 161.  The author cites at length despatches and documents of the period.]

[Footnote 171:  Spectator, May 18, 1861.]

[Footnote 172:  Spectator, June 1, 1861.]

[Footnote 173:  Saturday Review, June 1, 1861.]

[Footnote 174:  U.S.  Messages and Documents, 1861-2, p. 82.]

[Footnote 175:  Ibid., p. 98.  Adams to Seward, June 7, 1861.  See also p. 96, Adams to Seward, May 31, 1861.]

[Footnote 176:  Russell Papers.  Lyons to Russell, June 10, 1861.]

[Footnote 177:  Ibid., Lyons to Russell, June 14, 1861.]

[Footnote 178:  F.O., Am., Vol. 766, No. 282.  Lyons to Russell, June 17, 1861.  Seward’s account, in close agreement with that of Lyons, is in U.S.  Messages and Documents, 1861-2, p. 106.  Seward to Adams, June 19, 1861.]