[Footnote 31:  Dr. Newton asserts that at the end of the ’fifties Great Britain made a sharp change of policy. (Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, Vol.  II, p. 283.)]

[Footnote 32:  Thomas Colley Grattan, Civilized America, 2 vols. 2nd ed., London, 1859, Vol.  I, pp. 284-87.  The first edition was printed in 1859 and a third in 1861.  In some respects the work is historically untrustworthy since internal evidence makes clear that the greater part of it was written before 1846, in which year Grattan retired from his post in Boston.  In general he wrote scathingly of America, and as his son succeeded to the Boston consulship, Grattan probably thought it wiser to postpone publication.  I have found no review of the work which treats it otherwise than as an up-to-date description of 1859.  This fact and its wide sale in England in 1860-61, give the work importance as influencing British knowledge and opinions.]

[Footnote 33:  Charles Mackay, Life and Liberty in America:  or, Sketches of a Tour in the United States and Canada in 1857-8, one vol., New York, 1859, pp. 316-17.  Mackay was at least of sufficient repute as a poet to be thought worthy of a dinner in Boston at which there were present, Longfellow, Holmes, Agassiz, Lowell, Prescott, Governor Banks, and others.  He preached “hands across the seas” in his public lectures, occasionally reading his poem “John and Jonathan”—­a sort of advance copy of Kipling’s idea of the “White Man’s Burden.”  Mackay’s concluding verse, “John” speaking, was: 

     “And I have strength for nobler work
       Than e’er my hand has done,
     And realms to rule and truths to plant
       Beyond the rising sun. 
     Take you the West and I the East;
       We’ll spread ourselves abroad,
     With trade and spade and wholesome laws,
       And faith in man and God.”
]

[Footnote 34:  Duncan, Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer, Vol.  I, p. 140.]

[Footnote 35:  R.C.  Hamilton, Manuscript Chapters and Notes on “The English Press and the Civil War.”  Mr. Hamilton was at work on this subject, as a graduate student, but left Stanford University before completing his thesis.  His notes have been of considerable value, both for suggested citations from the English Press, and for points of interpretation.]

[Footnote 36:  Economist, November 24, 1860.  Six months later, however, the Economist pictured Lincoln as merely an unknown “sectionalist,” with no evidence of statesmanship—­Economist, June 1, 1861.]

[Footnote 37:  Saturday Review, November 24, 1860.]

[Footnote 38:  Spectator, November 24, 1860.]

[Footnote 39:  The Times, November 26, 1860.]

[Footnote 40:  Ibid., November 29, 1860.]

[Footnote 41:  Ibid.]

[Footnote 42:  R.L.  Duffus, “Contemporary English Popular Opinion on the American Civil War,” p. 2.  A thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, Stanford University, 1911.  This thesis is in manuscript.  It is a valuable study of the Reviews and of the writings of men of letters.  Hereafter cited as Duffus “English Opinion.”]