Vol.  II, p. 115.) See also Bigelow, Retrospections, I, pp. 344-45.  Russell was editor of the Gazette on its first appearance as a weekly, January 6, 1860, but left it to go to America.  On his return he settled down to his editorial task in November, 1862, and thereafter, throughout the war, the Gazette may be regarded as reflecting his views.  His entire letters from America to the Times constitute a most valuable picture of the months preceding the outbreak of war, but the contempt poured on the Northern army for its defeat at Bull Run made Russell much disliked in the North.  This dislike was bitterly displayed in a pamphlet by Andrew D. White ("A Letter to William Howard Russell, LL.D., on passages in his ’Diary North and South’"), published in London in 1863.]

[Footnote 1219:  June 25, 1864.]

[Footnote 1220:  The Army and Navy Gazette, July 30, 1864.]

[Footnote 1221:  Ibid., June 25, 1864.]

[Footnote 1222:  Ibid., July 16, 1864.  Similar articles and editorials might be quoted from many of the more important papers, but the Times and the Gazette will suffice as furnishing the keynote.  I have not examined in detail the files of the metropolitan press beyond determining their general attitude on the Civil War and for occasional special references.  Such examination has been sufficient, however, to warrant the conclusion that the weight of the Times in influencing opinion was very great.  Collating statistics given in: 

(1) Grant’s The Newspaper Press; (2) in a speech in Parliament by Edward Banes in 1864 (Hansard, 3rd Ser., CLXXV, p. 295); and (3) in Parliamentary Papers, 1861, Commons, Vol.  XXXIV, “Return of the Registered Newspapers in the United Kingdom ... from 30 June, 1860, to 30 June, 1861,” the following facts of circulation are derived: 

(A) Daily Papers: 

  (1) The Telegraph (evening), 150,000 (neutral).

(2) The Standard (morning and evening), 130,000 (Southern).  Under the same management was also The Herald (morning), but with small circulation (Southern).

(3) The Times (morning), 70,000 (Southern).  Grant says:  “The prestige of the Times was remarkable.  The same articles appearing in other papers would not produce the same effect as in the Times.”  Of Delane, the editor, Grant declared “His name is just as well-known ... throughout the civilized world as that of any of our European kings....  The Times may, indeed, be called the Monarch of the Press.” (Grant, II, p. 53.)

(4) The Morning Advertiser (circulation uncertain, probably 50,000), but very largely taken in the trades, in public-houses, and in the Clubs (neutral).

  (5) The Daily News (morning), 6,000 (Northern).

(6) The Morning Star, 5,500 (but with evening edition 10,000) (Northern).  Grant says that contrary to general belief, John Bright was never a shareholder but at times raised money to meet deficits. The Star was regarded as an anti-British paper and was very unpopular.