[Footnote 514:  Parliamentary Papers, 1862, Lords, Vol.  XXV.  “Correspondence on Civil War in the United States.”  No. 61.]

[Footnote 515:  Russell Papers.  Lyons to Russell, July 16, 1861.]

[Footnote 516:  Schleiden reported Seward as objecting to the Bill and Sumner as “vainly opposing” it.  Sumner had in fact spoken publicly in favour of the measure.  Probably he told Schleiden that privately he was against it.  Schleiden reported Sumner as active in urging the Cabinet not to issue a Proclamation closing the ports (Schleiden Papers.  Schleiden to Senate of Bremen, July 10 and 19, 1861).  Mercier later informed Thouvenel that Sumner declared the Bill intended for the Northern public only, to show administration “energy,” and that there was never any intention of putting it into effect.  F.O., France, 1394.  No. 931.  Cowley to Russell, Aug. 1, 1861.]

[Footnote 517:  Parliamentary Papers, 1862, Lords, Vol.  XXV.  “Correspondence on Civil War in the United States.”  Nos. 70 and 71.  Thouvenel did finally consent to support Russell’s protest.]

[Footnote 518:  F.O., Am., Vol. 755.  No. 168.]

[Footnote 519:  F.O., Am., Vol. 756.]

[Footnote 520:  F.O., France, Vol. 1395.  No. 967.  Cowley to Russell, Aug. 8, 1861.]

[Footnote 521:  Russell Papers.  Lyons to Russell.]

[Footnote 522:  Parliamentary Papers, 1862, Lords, Vol.  XXV.  “Correspondence on Civil War in the United States.”  No. 68.  Lyons to Russell, July 20, 1861.  Enclosed was a copy of the six lines of Thouvenel’s “instruction” to Mercier, dated July 4, the very brevity of which shows that this was in fact no instruction at all, but merely a comment by Thouvenel to Mercier.]

[Footnote 523:  Russell Papers.  Lyons to Russell, July 30, 1861.]

[Footnote 524:  Ibid., Lyons to Russell, August 1, 1861.]

[Footnote 525:  Parliamentary Papers, 1862, Lords, Vol.  XXV.  “Correspondence on Civil War in the United States.”  No. 81.  Lyons to Russell, Aug. 12, 1861.]

[Footnote 526:  Russell Papers.  Lyons to Russell.  Private.  Aug. 13, 1861.]

[Footnote 527:  Ibid., Russell Papers.]

[Footnote 528:  Parliamentary Papers, 1862, Lords, Vol.  XXV.  “Correspondence on Civil War in the United States.”  No. 83.]

[Footnote 529:  Lyons thought this possible.  Russell Papers.  Lyons to Russell.  Private.  July 20, 1861.]

[Footnote 530:  Lyons Papers.  Russell to Lyons.  Private.  Aug. 16, 1861.  And again he wrote the next day, “To prevent smuggling over 3,000 miles of coast and 1,500 miles of land frontier seems to me impossible” (Ibid., Aug. 17, 1861).  Russell had received some two weeks earlier, a letter from Bunch at Charleston, urging that England make no objection to the blockade in order that the South might be taught the lesson