or certain lawless individuals.  When this shall be known, then the guilty, and they only should be punished.  If the tribe as a whole, or their chiefs, are responsible, war against them is justifiable; but it should be waged with all possible mercy and moderation.  These fathers also recommend a limited period of enslavement for captives; and that the women and children of the conquered people shall be removed from their country and dispersed elsewhere in small bands—­a proceeding from which “they will receive much benefit, both spiritual and corporal.”  But they protest against mutilation, except for those who shall commit individual crimes.  The Franciscan guardian renders a short opinion, to the effect that malefactors should be punished, and highways made safe for the Indian allies.  If war be necessary to accomplish this, then war is justifiable; but therein the innocent should be spared.

A letter of congratulation to the bishop, clergy, and people of the Philippines is sent (March 25, 1592) by Clement VIII.  On May 31, Governor Dasmarinas writes to the king.  He states that he has received no letter from his Majesty since he arrived in the islands, and fears that his own to Spain may be lost.  The islands are generally in a prosperous condition; trade is flourishing, the religious orders are at peace, “and, aside from the bishop, everything is quite as it should be.”  The cathedral church is complete; the seminary for girls is established, and some of its inmates have been married, and a new house is being erected for its use.  The new fort is well under way, and some artillery has been mounted in it.  New galleys have been built, which are manned by Zambale slaves captured in war.  All trading is now done by the royal ships, which is much less expensive and more satisfactory.  Dasmarinas recommends that private shippers be charged a moderate rate on tonnage.  The Zambales have been reduced to subjection, their country devastated, and the survivors dispersed in various new settlements.  New explorations have been made in the interior of Luzon; one, which seemed important, had to be abandoned on account of sickness among the troops; half the Spanish soldiers have died.  The country is in danger of attack by the Japanese, and needs prompt and effective succor; he asks that the troops be sent from Castilla, “and not Creoles or exiles from Mexico.”  The governor is trying to secure quicksilver, on which the Chinese have given him prices.  With this letter he sends a set of rules for the hospital.

A brief account of the expedition to Tuy is furnished (June 1, 1592) by Luis Perez, son of Dasmarinas.  He has easily pacified the natives, who are a superior race; and expects to establish a Spanish settlement there, another year.  The governor writes (June 6) to the king to make certain explanations about his relations with Pedro de Rojas, his legal counselor.  The letter is conceited and self-willed, prejudiced and overbearing.  Dasmarinas complains that Rojas