[19] “The Spanish writer cites “II Kings.”  But the books designated “I and II Kings” in the Septuagint, the Vulgate, and the Catholic canon are called in the English Bible “I and II Samuel.”—­Joseph Fitzgerald.

[20] “Whether at command of God or that of some legitimate ruler, wars are undertaken even by good men, to be waged against the violence of rebels, when civil order itself justly constrains them either to command such action or to obey [i.e., to serve in the army].”

Quid culpatur is the opening of a chapter in Gratian’s Decretum, a section of the canon law, and serves as the title of the chapter.—­Joseph Fitzgerald.

[21] “What is condemned in war?  Is it that men who at some time must die, die in war?  It is for cowards to fault this, not religious men.  The desire to do injury, the cruelty of revenge, unappeased and implacable hate, the wild passions of rebellion, lust of power and the like—­such are the things which are justly condemned in wars.”

[22] “With God’s true worshipers even wars are not sinful if they are waged, not through greed or with cruelty, but for the sake of peace, that the wicked may be repressed and the good sustained.”

[23] “We wage war that we may live in peace.”

[24] “Peace is not sought that war may be waged, but war is waged that peace may be won.”

[25] “He hangs him out of hatred.”

[26] “When from dissensions and factions results, not peril to this one or that, but slaughter of whole populations, then severity must be relaxed somewhat, that sweet charity may intervene for the healing of those greater ills.”

[27] “Whenever evil is done by whole populations or by a multitude, then, because it is not possible to punish them all, on account of their great number, the matter usually passes by unpunished.”

[28] “The multitude should be spared.”

[29] “For when there are so many who fall that they defend their former iniquity by authority, and who make, as it were, a business of sinning, that hope itself must be cut off.”

[30] “As war is lawful, it is lawful to use the means needful to attain the end, which is victory.”

[31] “Plunder is no longer allowable.”

[32] Juan de Valderrama was the head of the Augustinian missionaries sent to the Philippines in 1582.  He had much executive ability, and, besides conducting one or more churches in the villages near Manila, held successively important posts in his order (prior provincial, from 1590).  He died in 1618.  Alonso de Castro came to the islands in 1577, and was missionary in several villages, both Tagalo and Bisayan, as he had mastered both languages.  Gifted as a theologian and orator, he was designated by Felipe II as bishop of Nueva Caceres, but died (1597) before he could exercise that office.