[8] The university of Salamanca was founded in the twelfth or thirteenth century.  The city of Salamanca, although it contains beautiful churches, owes its fame chiefly to the university.  The studies were divided into the greater schools, or university proper, and the lesser schools, or colleges.  In 1569 it had the following chairs:  canonical law, ten; theology, seven; medicine, seven; logic and philosophy, eleven; astronomy, one; music, one; Hebrew and Chaldean, two; Greek, four; rhetoric and grammar, seventeen.  It was among the very first universities to teach the sciences.

The university of Alcala was founded by Cardinal Cisneros, July 26, 1508, under the name of Colegio Mayor de San Ildefonso.  It was removed to Madrid in 1836.  The building occupied by the university combined in itself several forms of architecture, not adhering to any one.

[9] Regimiento:  the body of regidors, who never exceeded twelve, forming a part of the municipal council, or ayuntamiento, in every capital of a jurisdiction.  See Bouvier’s Law Dictionary (Rawle’s rev. ed., Boston, 1897), p. 860.

[10] The quotation from St. Augustine is cited in Gratian’s “Decretum,” in Corpus juris canonici; it reads thus, in English:  “The natural order, fitted to promote peace among mortals, demands that the power to wage war, and the direction of it, rest in the sovereign.”  The other citation is from St. Thomas Aquinas’s Summa theologica, part ii, div. ii, qu. 40, art. i.—­Joseph Fitzgerald.

[11] “One may repel force with force.”

[12] “Just wars are defined to be those which avenge wrongs; if a nation or a state is to be punished either for neglect to punish the evil deeds of their people, or to make restitution of what has been taken wrongfully.”

[13] “He concedes all who refuses what is just.”

[14] This reference is to St. Augustine’s “Questions on (the book of) Numbers.”  The citation Ut legitimum is to a chapter in Gratian’s Decretum, of which these are the opening words.—­Joseph Fitzgerald.

[15] “It is to be observed in what manner just wars were waged by the children of Israel against the Amorites; for inoffensive transit was denied to them, although by the most equitable laws of human fellowship it should be open.”

[16] “Though it be not lawful to cross over the lands of others, still, as this transit was necessary and harmless, they [the Amorites] ought not to have forbidden it—­and, further, because it was a public route, and no one is forbidden to use a public route.”

[17] In continente, “on the spot;” that is, at the actual time of the assault or other wrong. Nec sua repetere, “nor recover his own” (by force or violence is implied).  Silvester is cited in the Theologia moralis of Alphonso Maria de Liguori.—­Joseph Fitzgerald.

[18] “Beyond the due limits of [lawful self-]defense.”