[Footnote HM:  Marvin, p. 414.]

[Footnote HN:  United States Statutes at Large, vol.  XXVI, p. 830.]

[Footnote HO:  Originally the International Navigation Company established in Philadelphia in 1871, and beginning service between Philadelphia and Liverpool with four American-built steamships.]

[Footnote HP:  United States Statutes at Large, vol.  XXVII, p. 27.]

[Footnote HQ:  Marvin, p. 421.]

[Footnote HR:  Report of The Merchant Marine Commission (1904), vol.  I, p.  III.]

[Footnote HS:  Report of The Merchant Marine Commission, together with the testimony taken at the Hearings, 3 Vols., p. 1985; Senate Report, no. 2755, 58th Cong., 3d sess.]

[Footnote HT:  Same:  Report of the majority, vol.  I, pp.  XXIII, XXX, XXXI.]

[Footnote HU:  This bill in Report of the Merchant Marine Commission, vol.  I, pp.  XLVI, LI.]

[Footnote HV:  Rept. of The Merch.  Marine Com., Views of the Minority, Vol.  I, p.  LVI.]

[Footnote HW:  Senate bill, 6291, 58th Cong., 3d sess.]

[Footnote HX:  Senate Report no. 2949, 58th Cong., 3d sess.]

[Footnote HY:  Senate Report no. 1, 59th Cong., 1st sess.]

[Footnote HZ:  Senate Report no.  I, 59th Cong., 1st sess.  This bill is Senate no. 529.]

[Footnote IA:  Senate Report no. 10, 59th Cong., 1st sess.]

[Footnote IB:  Cong.  Record, vol. 40, part I, 59th Cong., 2d sess.]

[Footnote IC:  House Report no. 6442, 59th Cong., 2d sess.]

[Footnote ID:  House Doc. no. 4638, 59th Cong., 2d sess.]

[Footnote IE:  Cong.  Record, vol. 41, part 5, 59th Cong., 2d sess., p. 4378.]

[Footnote IF:  Cong.  Record, 59th Cong., 2d sess., p. 4688.]

[Footnote IG:  Same, p. 4653.]

[Footnote IH:  Senate Report no. 168, 60th Cong., 1st sess.]

[Footnote II:  Senate bill no. 28, 60th Cong., 1st sess.]

[Footnote IJ:  Cong.  Record, 65th Cong., p. 3743.]

[Footnote IK:  House bill no. 22301, 60th Cong., 1st sess.]

[Footnote IL:  Senate bill no. 6708, 60th Cong., 2d Sess.]

[Footnote IM:  Senate Report no. 354, same.]

CHAPTER XIV

SUMMARY

Ship subsidies, open or concealed, are now granted by nearly every maritime nation.  Whatever may be the designation of these Government grants,—­whether mail subsidies, naval subventions, retaining fees for possible naval service, construction bounties, navigation bounties, trade bounties, Government loans, Government partnerships, tariff advantages, canal refunds,—­whatever may be their form, all are distinctly Government aids, direct or indirect, the primary object of which is the development and expansion of the merchant marine of each nation granting them; and generally, if not universally, the upbuilding of this marine for service in time of need as an auxiliary to the national navy.